rfc9682.original		rfc9682.txt
	CBOR C. Bormann		Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) C. Bormann
	Internet-Draft Universität Bremen TZI		Request for Comments: 9682 Universität Bremen TZI
	Updates: 8610 (if approved) 24 June 2024		Updates: 8610 October 2024
	Intended status: Standards Track		Category: Standards Track
	Expires: 26 December 2024		ISSN: 2070-1721
	Updates to the CDDL grammar of RFC 8610		Updates to the Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL) Grammar of RFC
	draft-ietf-cbor-update-8610-grammar-06		8610
	Abstract		Abstract
	The Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL), as defined in RFC 8610		The Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL), as defined in RFCs 8610
	and RFC 9165, provides an easy and unambiguous way to express		and 9165, provides an easy and unambiguous way to express structures
	structures for protocol messages and data formats that are		for protocol messages and data formats that are represented in
	represented in CBOR or JSON.		Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) or JSON.
	The present document updates RFC 8610 by addressing errata and making
	other small fixes for the ABNF grammar defined for CDDL there.
	About This Document
	This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.
	The latest revision of this draft can be found at https://cbor-
	wg.github.io/update-8610-grammar/. Status information for this
	document may be found at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-
	cbor-update-8610-grammar/.
	Discussion of this document takes place on the CBOR Working Group
	mailing list (mailto:cbor@ietf.org), which is archived at
	https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/cbor/. Subscribe at
	https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/cbor/.
	Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at		This document updates RFC 8610 by addressing related errata reports
	https://github.com/cbor-wg/update-8610-grammar.		and making other small fixes for the ABNF grammar defined for CDDL.
	Status of This Memo		Status of This Memo
	This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the		This is an Internet Standards Track document.
	provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
	Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
	Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
	working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
	Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
	Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months		This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
	and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any		(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
	time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference		received public review and has been approved for publication by the
	material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."		Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
			Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
	This Internet-Draft will expire on 26 December 2024.		Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
			and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
			https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9682.
	Copyright Notice		Copyright Notice
	Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the		Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
	document authors. All rights reserved.		document authors. All rights reserved.
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	extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as		to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
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			in the Revised BSD License.
	Table of Contents		Table of Contents
	1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3		1. Introduction
	1.1. Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3		1.1. Conventions and Definitions
	2. Clarifications and Changes based on Errata Reports . . . . . 3		2. Clarifications and Changes Based on Errata Reports
	2.1. Updates to String Literal Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . 3		2.1. Updates to String Literal Grammar
	Err6527 (Text String Literals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3		2.1.1. Erratum ID 6527 (Text String Literals)
	Err6278 (Consistent String Literals) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5		2.1.2. Erratum ID 6278 (Consistent String Literals)
	Addressing Err6526, Err6543 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5		2.1.3. Addressing Erratum ID 6526 and Erratum ID 6543
	2.2. Examples Demonstrating the Updated String Syntaxes . . . 5		2.2. Examples Demonstrating the Updated String Syntaxes
	3. Small Enabling Grammar Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6		3. Small Enabling Grammar Changes
	3.1. Empty data models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7		3.1. Empty Data Models
	3.2. Non-literal Tag Numbers, Simple Values . . . . . . . . . 7		3.2. Non-literal Tag Numbers, Simple Values
	4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8		4. Security Considerations
	5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9		5. IANA Considerations
	6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9		6. References
	6.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9		6.1. Normative References
	6.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9		6.2. Informative References
	Appendix A. Updated Collected ABNF for CDDL . . . . . . . . . . 11		Appendix A. Updated Collected ABNF for CDDL
	Appendix B. Details about Covering Errata Report 6543 . . . . . 13		Appendix B. Details about Covering Erratum ID 6543
	Change Proposed By Errata Report 6543 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13		B.1. Change Proposed by Erratum ID 6543
	No Further Change Needed After Updating String Literal Grammar		B.2. No Further Change Needed after Updating String Literal
	(Section 2.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14		Grammar
	Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15		Acknowledgments
	Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15		Author's Address
	1. Introduction		1. Introduction
	The Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL), as defined in [RFC8610]		The Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL), as defined in [RFC8610]
	and [RFC9165], provides an easy and unambiguous way to express		and [RFC9165], provides an easy and unambiguous way to express
	structures for protocol messages and data formats that are		structures for protocol messages and data formats that are
	represented in CBOR or JSON.		represented in CBOR or JSON.
	The present document updates [RFC8610] by addressing errata and		This document updates [RFC8610] by addressing errata and making other
	making other small fixes for the ABNF grammar defined for CDDL there.		small fixes for the ABNF grammar defined for CDDL. The body of this
	The body of this document motivates and explains the updates; the		document explains and shows motivation for the updates; the updated
	updated collected ABNF syntax in Figure 11 in Appendix A replaces the		collected ABNF syntax in Figure 11 in Appendix A replaces the
	collected ABNF syntax in Appendix B of [RFC8610].		collected ABNF syntax in Appendix B of [RFC8610].
	1.1. Conventions and Definitions		1.1. Conventions and Definitions
	The Terminology from [RFC8610] applies. The grammar in [RFC8610] is		The terminology from [RFC8610] applies. The grammar in [RFC8610] is
	based on ABNF, which is defined in [STD68] and [RFC7405].		based on ABNF, which is defined in [STD68] and [RFC7405].
	2. Clarifications and Changes based on Errata Reports		2. Clarifications and Changes Based on Errata Reports
	A number of errata reports have been made around some details of text		A number of errata reports have been made around some details of text
	string and byte string literal syntax: [Err6527] and [Err6543].		string and byte string literal syntax: [Err6527] and [Err6543].
	These are being addressed in this section, updating details of the		These are being addressed in this section, updating details of the
	ABNF for these literal syntaxes. Also, [Err6526] needs to be applied		ABNF for these literal syntaxes. Also, the changes described in
	(backslashes have been lost during RFC processing in some text		[Err6526] need to be applied (backslashes have been lost during RFC
	explaining backslash escaping).		processing in some text explaining backslash escaping).
	These changes are intended to mirror the way existing implementations		These changes are intended to mirror the way existing implementations
	have dealt with the errata. They also use the opportunity presented		have dealt with the errata. This document also uses the opportunity
	by the necessary cleanup of the grammar of string literals for a		presented for the necessary cleanup of the grammar of string literals
	backward compatible addition to the syntax for hexadecimal escapes.		for a backward-compatible addition to the syntax for hexadecimal
	The latter change is not automatically forward compatible (i.e., CDDL		escapes. The latter change is not automatically forward compatible
	specifications that make use of this syntax do not necessarily work		(i.e., CDDL specifications that make use of this syntax do not
	with existing implementations until these are updated, which this		necessarily work with existing implementations until these are
	specification recommends).		updated, which is recommended in this specification).
	2.1. Updates to String Literal Grammar		2.1. Updates to String Literal Grammar
	Err6527 (Text String Literals)		2.1.1. Erratum ID 6527 (Text String Literals)
	The ABNF used in [RFC8610] for the content of text string literals is		The ABNF used in [RFC8610] for the content of text string literals is
	rather permissive:		rather permissive:
	; RFC 8610 ABNF:		; ABNF from RFC 8610:
	text = %x22 *SCHAR %x22		text = %x22 *SCHAR %x22
	SCHAR = %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-7E / %x80-10FFFD / SESC		SCHAR = %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-7E / %x80-10FFFD / SESC
	SESC = "\" (%x20-7E / %x80-10FFFD)		SESC = "\" (%x20-7E / %x80-10FFFD)
	Figure 1: Original RFC 8610 ABNF for strings with permissive ABNF
	for SESC, but not allowing hex escapes		Figure 1: ABNF from RFC 8610 for Strings with Permissive ABNF for
			SESC, but Not Allowing Hex Escapes
	This allows almost any non-C0 character to be escaped by a backslash,		This allows almost any non-C0 character to be escaped by a backslash,
	but critically misses out on the \uXXXX and \uHHHH\uLLLL forms that		but critically misses out on the \uXXXX and \uHHHH\uLLLL forms that
	JSON allows to specify characters in hex (which should be applying		JSON allows to specify characters in hex (which should be applied
	here according to Bullet 6 of Section 3.1 of [RFC8610]). (Note that		here according to Bullet 6 of Section 3.1 of [RFC8610]). (Note that
	CDDL imports from JSON the unwieldy \uHHHH\uLLLL syntax, which		CDDL imports from JSON the unwieldy \uHHHH\uLLLL syntax, which
	represents Unicode code points beyond U+FFFF by making them look like		represents Unicode code points beyond U+FFFF by making them look like
	UTF-16 surrogate pairs; CDDL text strings are not using UTF-16 or		UTF-16 surrogate pairs; CDDL text strings do not use UTF-16 or
	surrogates.)		surrogates.)
	Both can be solved by updating the SESC rule. This document uses the		Both can be solved by updating the SESC rule. This document uses the
	opportunity to add a popular form of directly specifying characters		opportunity to add a popular form of directly specifying characters
	in strings using hexadecimal escape sequences of the form \u{hex},		in strings using hexadecimal escape sequences of the form \u{hex},
	where hex is the hexadecimal representation of the Unicode scalar		where hex is the hexadecimal representation of the Unicode scalar
	value. The result is the new set of rules defining SESC in Figure 2:		value. The result is the new set of rules defining SESC in Figure 2.
	; new rules collectively defining SESC:		; new rules collectively defining SESC:
	SESC = "\" ( %x22 / "/" / "\" / ; \" \/ \\		SESC = "\" ( %x22 / "/" / "\" / ; \" \/ \\
	%x62 / %x66 / %x6E / %x72 / %x74 / ; \b \f \n \r \t		%x62 / %x66 / %x6E / %x72 / %x74 / ; \b \f \n \r \t
	(%x75 hexchar) ) ; \uXXXX		(%x75 hexchar) ) ; \uXXXX
	hexchar = "{" (1*"0" [ hexscalar ] / hexscalar) "}" /		hexchar = "{" (1*"0" [ hexscalar ] / hexscalar) "}" /
	non-surrogate / (high-surrogate "\" %x75 low-surrogate)		non-surrogate / (high-surrogate "\" %x75 low-surrogate)
	non-surrogate = ((DIGIT / "A"/"B"/"C" / "E"/"F") 3HEXDIG) /		non-surrogate = ((DIGIT / "A"/"B"/"C" / "E"/"F") 3HEXDIG) /
	("D" %x30-37 2HEXDIG )		("D" %x30-37 2HEXDIG )
	high-surrogate = "D" ("8"/"9"/"A"/"B") 2HEXDIG		high-surrogate = "D" ("8"/"9"/"A"/"B") 2HEXDIG
	low-surrogate = "D" ("C"/"D"/"E"/"F") 2HEXDIG		low-surrogate = "D" ("C"/"D"/"E"/"F") 2HEXDIG
	hexscalar = "10" 4HEXDIG / HEXDIG1 4HEXDIG		hexscalar = "10" 4HEXDIG / HEXDIG1 4HEXDIG
	/ non-surrogate / 1*3HEXDIG		/ non-surrogate / 1*3HEXDIG
	HEXDIG1 = DIGIT1 / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F"		HEXDIG1 = DIGIT1 / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F"
	Figure 2: Update to string ABNF in Appendix B of RFC 8610: allow		Figure 2: Update to String ABNF in Appendix B of [RFC8610]: Allow
	hex escapes		Hex Escapes
	(Notes: In ABNF, strings such as "A", "B" etc. are case-insensitive,		(Notes: In ABNF, strings such as "A", "B", etc., are case
	as is intended here. The rules above could, instead of %x62, also		insensitive, as is intended here. The rules above could have also
	have used %s"b" etc., but didn't, in order to maximize ABNF tool		used %s"b", etc., instead of %x62, but didn't, in order to maximize
	compatibility.)		compatibility of ABNF tools.)
	Now that SESC is more restrictively formulated, this also requires an		Now that SESC is more restrictively formulated, an update to the
	update to the BCHAR rule used in the ABNF syntax for byte string		BCHAR rule used in the ABNF syntax for byte string literals is also
	literals:		required:
	; RFC 8610 ABNF:		; ABNF from RFC 8610:
	bytes = [bsqual] %x27 *BCHAR %x27		bytes = [bsqual] %x27 *BCHAR %x27
	BCHAR = %x20-26 / %x28-5B / %x5D-10FFFD / SESC / CRLF		BCHAR = %x20-26 / %x28-5B / %x5D-10FFFD / SESC / CRLF
	bsqual = "h" / "b64"		bsqual = "h" / "b64"
	Figure 3: Original RFC 8610 ABNF for BCHAR
			Figure 3: ABNF from RFC 8610 for BCHAR
	With the SESC updated as above, \' is no longer allowed in BCHAR;		With the SESC updated as above, \' is no longer allowed in BCHAR;
	this now needs to be explicitly included; see below.		this now needs to be explicitly included; see below.
	Err6278 (Consistent String Literals)		2.1.2. Erratum ID 6278 (Consistent String Literals)
	Updating BCHAR also provides an opportunity to address [Err6278],		Updating BCHAR also provides an opportunity to address [Err6278],
	which points to an inconsistency in treating U+007F (DEL) between		which points to an inconsistency in treating U+007F (DEL) between
	SCHAR and BCHAR. As U+007F is not printable, including it in a byte		SCHAR and BCHAR. As U+007F is not printable, including it in a byte
	string literal is as confusing as for a text string literal, and it		string literal is as confusing as for a text string literal;
	should therefore be excluded from BCHAR as it is from SCHAR. The		therefore, it should be excluded from BCHAR as it is from SCHAR. The
	same reasoning also applies to the C1 control characters, so the		same reasoning also applies to the C1 control characters, so the
	updated ABNF actually excludes the entire range from U+007F to		updated ABNF actually excludes the entire range from U+007F to
	U+009F. The same reasoning then also applies to text in comments		U+009F. The same reasoning also applies to text in comments (PCHAR).
	(PCHAR). For completeness, all these should also explicitly exclude		For completeness, all these should also explicitly exclude the code
	the code points that have been set aside for UTF-16's surrogates.		points that have been set aside for UTF-16 surrogates.
	; new rules for SCHAR, BCHAR, and PCHAR:		; new rules for SCHAR, BCHAR, and PCHAR:
	SCHAR = %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-7E / NONASCII / SESC		SCHAR = %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-7E / NONASCII / SESC
	BCHAR = %x20-26 / %x28-5B / %x5D-7E / NONASCII / SESC / "\'" / CRLF		BCHAR = %x20-26 / %x28-5B / %x5D-7E / NONASCII / SESC / "\'" / CRLF
	PCHAR = %x20-7E / NONASCII		PCHAR = %x20-7E / NONASCII
	NONASCII = %xA0-D7FF / %xE000-10FFFD		NONASCII = %xA0-D7FF / %xE000-10FFFD
	Figure 4: Update to ABNF in Appendix B of RFC 8610: BCHAR, SCHAR,		Figure 4: Update to ABNF in Appendix B of [RFC8610]: BCHAR,
	and PCHAR		SCHAR, and PCHAR
	(Note that, apart from addressing the inconsistencies, there is no		(Note that, apart from addressing the inconsistencies, there is no
	attempt to further exclude non-printable characters from the ABNF;		attempt to further exclude non-printable characters from the ABNF;
	doing this properly would draw in complexity from the ongoing		doing this properly would draw in complexity from the ongoing
	evolution of the Unicode standard that is not needed here.)		evolution of the Unicode standard that is not needed here.)
	Addressing Err6526, Err6543		2.1.3. Addressing Erratum ID 6526 and Erratum ID 6543
	The above changes also cover [Err6543] (a proposal to split off		The above changes also cover [Err6543] (a proposal to split off
	qualified byte string literals from UTF-8 byte string literals) and		qualified byte string literals from UTF-8 byte string literals) and
	[Err6526] (lost backslashes); see Appendix B for details.		[Err6526] (lost backslashes); see Appendix B for details.
	2.2. Examples Demonstrating the Updated String Syntaxes		2.2. Examples Demonstrating the Updated String Syntaxes
	The CDDL example in Figure 5 demonstrates various escaping techniques		The CDDL example in Figure 5 demonstrates various escaping techniques
	now available for (byte and text) strings in CDDL. Obviously in the		now available for (byte and text) strings in CDDL. Obviously, in the
	literals for a and x, there is no need to escape the second		literals for a and x, there is no need to escape the second
	character, an o, as \u{6f}; this is just for demonstration.		character, an o, as \u{6f}; this is just for demonstration.
	Similarly, as shown in c and z there also is no need to escape the 🁳		Similarly, as shown in c and z, there also is no need to escape the
	or ⌘, but escaping them may be convenient in order to limit the		"🁳" (DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-02, U+1F073) or "⌘" (PLACE OF INTEREST
	character repertoire of a CDDL file itself to ASCII [STD80].		SIGN, U+2318); however, escaping them may be convenient in order to
			limit the character repertoire of a CDDL file itself to ASCII
			[STD80].
	start = [a, b, c, x, y, z]		start = [a, b, c, x, y, z]
	; "🁳", DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-02, and		; "🁳", DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-02, and
	; "⌘", PLACE OF INTEREST SIGN, in a text string:		; "⌘", PLACE OF INTEREST SIGN, in a text string:
	a = "D\u{6f}mino's \u{1F073} + \u{2318}" ; \u{}-escape 3 chars		a = "D\u{6f}mino's \u{1F073} + \u{2318}" ; \u{}-escape 3 chars
	b = "Domino's \uD83C\uDC73 + \u2318" ; escape JSON-like		b = "Domino's \uD83C\uDC73 + \u2318" ; escape JSON-like
	c = "Domino's 🁳 + ⌘" ; unescaped		c = "Domino's 🁳 + ⌘" ; unescaped
	; in a byte string given as text, the ' needs to be escaped:		; in a byte string given as text, the ' needs to be escaped:
	x = 'D\u{6f}mino\u{27}s \u{1F073} + \u{2318}' ; \u{}-escape 4 chars		x = 'D\u{6f}mino\u{27}s \u{1F073} + \u{2318}' ; \u{}-escape 4 chars
	y = 'Domino\'s \uD83C\uDC73 + \u2318' ; escape JSON-like		y = 'Domino\'s \uD83C\uDC73 + \u2318' ; escape JSON-like
	z = 'Domino\'s 🁳 + ⌘' ; escape ' only		z = 'Domino\'s 🁳 + ⌘' ; escape ' only
	Figure 5: Example text and byte string literals with various escaping		Figure 5: Example Text and Byte String Literals with Various Escaping
	techniques		Techniques
	In this example, the rules a to c and x to z all produce strings with		In this example, the rules a to c and x to z all produce strings with
	byte-wise identical content, where a to c are text strings, and x to		byte-wise identical content: a to c are text strings and x to z are
	z are byte strings. Figure 6 illustrates this by showing the output		byte strings. Figure 6 illustrates this by showing the output
	generated from the start rule in Figure 5, using pretty-printed		generated from the start rule in Figure 5, using pretty-printed
	hexadecimal.		hexadecimal.
	86 # array(6)		86 # array(6)
	73 # text(19)		73 # text(19)
	446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's 🁳 + ⌘"		446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's 🁳 + ⌘"
	73 # text(19)		73 # text(19)
	446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's 🁳 + ⌘"		446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's 🁳 + ⌘"
	73 # text(19)		73 # text(19)
	446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's 🁳 + ⌘"		446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's 🁳 + ⌘"
	53 # bytes(19)		53 # bytes(19)
	446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's 🁳 + ⌘"		446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's 🁳 + ⌘"
	53 # bytes(19)		53 # bytes(19)
	446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's 🁳 + ⌘"		446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's 🁳 + ⌘"
	53 # bytes(19)		53 # bytes(19)
	446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's 🁳 + ⌘"		446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's 🁳 + ⌘"
	Figure 6: Generated CBOR from CDDL example (Pretty-Printed		Figure 6: Generated CBOR from CDDL Example (Pretty-Printed
	Hexadecimal)		Hexadecimal)
	3. Small Enabling Grammar Changes		3. Small Enabling Grammar Changes
	The two subsections in this section specify two small changes to the		Each subsection that follows specifies a small change to the grammar
	grammar that are intended to enable certain kinds of specifications.		that is intended to enable certain kinds of specifications. These
	These changes are backward compatible, i.e., CDDL files that comply		changes are backward compatible (i.e., CDDL files that comply with
	to [RFC8610] continue to match the updated grammar, but not		[RFC8610] continue to match the updated grammar) but not necessarily
	necessarily forward compatible, i.e., CDDL specifications that make		forward compatible (i.e., CDDL specifications that make use of these
	use of these changes cannot necessarily be processed by existing		changes cannot necessarily be processed by existing implementations
	[RFC8610] implementations.		of [RFC8610]).
	3.1. Empty data models		3.1. Empty Data Models
	[RFC8610] requires a CDDL file to have at least one rule.		[RFC8610] requires a CDDL file to have at least one rule.
	; RFC 8610 ABNF:		; ABNF from RFC 8610:
	cddl = S 1*(rule S)		cddl = S 1*(rule S)
	Figure 7: Original RFC 8610 ABNF for top-level rule cddl		Figure 7: ABNF from RFC 8610 for Top-Level Rule cddl
	This makes sense when the file has to stand alone, as a CDDL data		This makes sense when the file has to stand alone, as a CDDL data
	model needs to have at least one rule to provide an entry point		model needs to have at least one rule to provide an entry point
	(start rule).		(i.e., a start rule).
	With CDDL modules [I-D.ietf-cbor-cddl-modules], CDDL files can also		With CDDL modules [CDDL-MODULES], CDDL files can also include
	include directives, and these might be the source of all the rules		directives, and these might be the source of all the rules that
	that ultimately make up the module created by the file. Any other		ultimately make up the module created by the file. Any other rule
	rule content in the file has to be available for directive		content in the file has to be available for directive processing,
	processing, making the requirement for at least one rule cumbersome.		making the requirement for at least one rule cumbersome.
	Therefore, the present update extends the grammar as in Figure 8 and		Therefore, the present update extends the grammar as in Figure 8 and
	turns the existence of at least one rule into a semantic constraint,		turns the existence of at least one rule into a semantic constraint,
	to be fulfilled after processing of all directives.		to be fulfilled after processing of all directives.
	; new top-level rule:		; new top-level rule:
	cddl = S *(rule S)		cddl = S *(rule S)
	Figure 8: Update to top-level ABNF in Appendices B and C of RFC 8610		Figure 8: Update to Top-Level ABNF in Appendices B and C of RFC 8610
	3.2. Non-literal Tag Numbers, Simple Values		3.2. Non-literal Tag Numbers, Simple Values
	The existing ABNF syntax for expressing tags in CDDL is:		The existing ABNF syntax for expressing tags in CDDL is as follows:
	; extracted from RFC 8610 ABNF:		; extracted from the ABNF in RFC 8610:
	type2 =/ "#" "6" ["." uint] "(" S type S ")"		type2 =/ "#" "6" ["." uint] "(" S type S ")"
	Figure 9: Original RFC 8610 ABNF for tag syntax		Figure 9: Original ABNF from RFC 8610 for Tag Syntax
	This means tag numbers can only be given as literal numbers (uints).		This means tag numbers can only be given as literal numbers (uints).
	Some specifications operate on ranges of tag numbers, e.g., [RFC9277]		Some specifications operate on ranges of tag numbers; for example,
	has a range of tag numbers 1668546817 (0x63740101) to 1668612095		[RFC9277] has a range of tag numbers 1668546817 (0x63740101) to
	(0x6374FFFF) to tag specific content formats. This can currently not		1668612095 (0x6374FFFF) to tag specific content formats. This can
	be expressed in CDDL. Similar considerations apply to simple values		currently not be expressed in CDDL. Similar considerations apply to
	(#7.xx).		simple values (#7.xx).
	This update extends the syntax to:		This update extends the syntax to the following:
	; new rules collectively defining the tagged case:		; new rules collectively defining the tagged case:
	type2 =/ "#" "6" ["." head-number] "(" S type S ")"		type2 =/ "#" "6" ["." head-number] "(" S type S ")"
	/ "#" "7" ["." head-number]		/ "#" "7" ["." head-number]
	head-number = uint / ("<" type ">")		head-number = uint / ("<" type ">")
	Figure 10: Update to tag and simple value ABNF in Appendices B		Figure 10: Update to Tag and Simple Value ABNF in Appendices B
	and C of RFC 8610		and C of RFC 8610
	For #6, the head-number stands for the tag number. For #7, the head-		For #6, the head-number stands for the tag number. For #7, the head-
	number stands for the simple value if it is in the ranges 0..23 or		number stands for the simple value if it is in the ranges 0..23 or
	32..255 (as per Section 3.3 of RFC 8949 [STD94] the simple values		32..255 (as per Section 3.3 of RFC 8949 [STD94], the simple values
	24..31 are not used). For 24..31, the head-number stands for the		24..31 are not used). For 24..31, the head-number stands for the
	"additional information", e.g., #7.25 or #7.<25> is a float16, etc.		"additional information", e.g., #7.25 or #7.<25> is a float16, etc.
	(All ranges mentioned here are inclusive.)		(All ranges mentioned here are inclusive.)
	So the above range can be expressed in a CDDL fragment such as:		So the above range can be expressed in a CDDL fragment such as:
	ct-tag<content> = #6.<ct-tag-number>(content)		ct-tag<content> = #6.<ct-tag-number>(content)
	ct-tag-number = 1668546817..1668612095		ct-tag-number = 1668546817..1668612095
	; or use 0x63740101..0x6374FFFF		; or use 0x63740101..0x6374FFFF
	skipping to change at page 8, line 41 ¶		skipping to change at line 354 ¶
	(Whether there is potential for human confusion can be debated;		(Whether there is potential for human confusion can be debated;
	the above example deliberately uses generics as well.)		the above example deliberately uses generics as well.)
	2. The updated ABNF grammar makes it a bit more explicit that the		2. The updated ABNF grammar makes it a bit more explicit that the
	number given after the optional dot is special, not giving the		number given after the optional dot is special, not giving the
	CBOR "additional information" for tags and simple values as it is		CBOR "additional information" for tags and simple values as it is
	with other uses of # in CDDL. (Adding this observation to		with other uses of # in CDDL. (Adding this observation to
	Section 2.2.3 of [RFC8610] is the subject of [Err6575]; it is		Section 2.2.3 of [RFC8610] is the subject of [Err6575]; it is
	correctly noted in Section 3.6 of [RFC8610].) In hindsight,		correctly noted in Section 3.6 of [RFC8610].) In hindsight,
	maybe a different character than the dot should have been chosen		maybe a different character than the dot should have been chosen
	for this special case, however changing the grammar now would		for this special case; however, changing the grammar in the
	have been too disruptive.		current document would have been too disruptive.
	4. Security Considerations		4. Security Considerations
	The grammar fixes and updates in this document are not believed to		The grammar fixes and updates in this document are not believed to
	create additional security considerations. The security		create additional security considerations. The security
	considerations in Section 5 of [RFC8610] do apply, and specifically		considerations in Section 5 of [RFC8610] apply. Specifically, the
	the potential for confusion is increased in an environment that uses		potential for confusion is increased in an environment that uses a
	a combination of CDDL tools some of which have been updated and some		combination of CDDL tools, some of which have been updated and some
	of which have not been, in particular based on Section 2.		of which have not, in particular based on Section 2.
	Attackers may want to exploit such potential confusion by crafting		Attackers may want to exploit such potential confusion by crafting
	CDDL models that are interpreted differently by different parts of a		CDDL models that are interpreted differently by different parts of a
	system. There will be a period of transition from the details that		system. There will be a period of transition from the details that
	the [RFC8610] grammar handled in a less well-defined way, to the		the grammar in [RFC8610] handled in a less-well-defined way, to the
	updated grammar defined in the present document. This transition		updated grammar defined in the present document. This transition
	might offer one, but not the only kind of opportunity for the kind of		might offer one, but not the only kind of opportunity for the kind of
	attack that relies on differences between implementations.		attack that relies on differences between implementations.
	Implementations that make use of CDDL models operationally already		Implementations that make use of CDDL models operationally already
	need to ascertain the provenance (and thus authenticity and		need to ascertain the provenance (and thus authenticity and
	integrity) and applicability of models they employ. At the time of		integrity) and applicability of models they employ. At the time of
	writing, it is expected that the models will generally be processed		writing, it is expected that the models will generally be processed
	by a software developer, within a software development environment.		by a software developer, within a software-development environment.
	Developers are therefore advised to treat CDDL models with the same		Therefore, developers are advised to treat CDDL models with the same
	care as any other source code.		care as any other source code.
	5. IANA Considerations		5. IANA Considerations
	This document has no IANA actions.		This document has no IANA actions.
	6. References		6. References
	6.1. Normative References		6.1. Normative References
	[RFC8610] Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise Data		[RFC8610] Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise Data
	Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to		Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to
	Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and		Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and
	JSON Data Structures", RFC 8610, DOI 10.17487/RFC8610,		JSON Data Structures", RFC 8610, DOI 10.17487/RFC8610,
	June 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8610>.		June 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8610>.
	[STD68] Internet Standard 68,		[STD68] Internet Standard 68,
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/std68>.		<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/std68>.
	At the time of writing, this STD comprises the following:		At the time of writing, this STD comprises the following:
	Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax		Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
	Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,		Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,
	DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008,		DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008,
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.		<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.
	skipping to change at page 10, line 5 ¶		skipping to change at line 415 ¶
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/std94>.		<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/std94>.
	At the time of writing, this STD comprises the following:		At the time of writing, this STD comprises the following:
	Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object		Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
	Representation (CBOR)", STD 94, RFC 8949,		Representation (CBOR)", STD 94, RFC 8949,
	DOI 10.17487/RFC8949, December 2020,		DOI 10.17487/RFC8949, December 2020,
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8949>.		<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8949>.
	6.2. Informative References		6.2. Informative References
	[Err6278] "Errata Report 6278", RFC 8610,		[CDDL-MODULES]
			Bormann, C. and B. Moran, "CDDL Module Structure", Work in
			Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-cbor-cddl-modules-03,
			1 September 2024, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
			draft-ietf-cbor-cddl-modules-03>.
			[EDN-LITERALS]
			Bormann, C., "CBOR Extended Diagnostic Notation (EDN)",
			Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-cbor-edn-
			literals-12, 1 September 2024,
			<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-cbor-
			edn-literals-12>.
			[Err6278] RFC Errata, Erratum ID 6278, RFC 8610,
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid6278>.		<https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid6278>.
	[Err6526] "Errata Report 6526", RFC 8610,		[Err6526] RFC Errata, Erratum ID 6526, RFC 8610,
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid6526>.		<https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid6526>.
	[Err6527] "Errata Report 6527", RFC 8610,		[Err6527] RFC Errata, Erratum ID 6527, RFC 8610,
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid6527>.		<https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid6527>.
	[Err6543] "Errata Report 6543", RFC 8610,		[Err6543] RFC Errata, Erratum ID 6543, RFC 8610,
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid6543>.		<https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid6543>.
	[Err6575] "Errata Report 6575", RFC 8610,		[Err6575] RFC Errata, Erratum ID 6575, RFC 8610,
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid6575>.		<https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid6575>.
	[I-D.ietf-cbor-cddl-modules]
	Bormann, C. and B. Moran, "CDDL Module Structure", Work in
	Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-cbor-cddl-modules-02,
	4 March 2024, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
	draft-ietf-cbor-cddl-modules-02>.
	[I-D.ietf-cbor-edn-literals]
	Bormann, C., "CBOR Extended Diagnostic Notation (EDN):
	Application-Oriented Literals, ABNF, and Media Type", Work
	in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-cbor-edn-literals-
	09, 18 May 2024, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
	draft-ietf-cbor-edn-literals-09>.
	[RFC7405] Kyzivat, P., "Case-Sensitive String Support in ABNF",		[RFC7405] Kyzivat, P., "Case-Sensitive String Support in ABNF",
	RFC 7405, DOI 10.17487/RFC7405, December 2014,		RFC 7405, DOI 10.17487/RFC7405, December 2014,
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7405>.		<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7405>.
	[RFC9165] Bormann, C., "Additional Control Operators for the Concise		[RFC9165] Bormann, C., "Additional Control Operators for the Concise
	Data Definition Language (CDDL)", RFC 9165,		Data Definition Language (CDDL)", RFC 9165,
	DOI 10.17487/RFC9165, December 2021,		DOI 10.17487/RFC9165, December 2021,
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9165>.		<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9165>.
	[RFC9277] Richardson, M. and C. Bormann, "On Stable Storage for		[RFC9277] Richardson, M. and C. Bormann, "On Stable Storage for
	Items in Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)",		Items in Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)",
	RFC 9277, DOI 10.17487/RFC9277, August 2022,		RFC 9277, DOI 10.17487/RFC9277, August 2022,
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9277>.		<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9277>.
	[STD80] Internet Standard 80,		[STD80] Internet Standard 80,
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/std80>.		<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/std80>.
	At the time of writing, this STD comprises the following:		At the time of writing, this STD comprises the following:
	Cerf, V., "ASCII format for network interchange", STD 80,		Cerf, V., "ASCII format for network interchange", STD 80,
	RFC 20, DOI 10.17487/RFC0020, October 1969,		RFC 20, DOI 10.17487/RFC0020, October 1969,
	<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc20>.		<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc20>.
	Appendix A. Updated Collected ABNF for CDDL		Appendix A. Updated Collected ABNF for CDDL
	This appendix is normative.		This appendix is normative.
	It provides the full ABNF from [RFC8610] with the updates applied in		It provides the full ABNF from [RFC8610] as updated by the present
	the present document.		document.
	cddl = S *(rule S)		cddl = S *(rule S)
	rule = typename [genericparm] S assignt S type		rule = typename [genericparm] S assignt S type
	/ groupname [genericparm] S assigng S grpent		/ groupname [genericparm] S assigng S grpent
	typename = id		typename = id
	groupname = id		groupname = id
	assignt = "=" / "/="		assignt = "=" / "/="
	assigng = "=" / "//="		assigng = "=" / "//="
	skipping to change at page 13, line 29 ¶		skipping to change at line 583 ¶
	S = *WS		S = *WS
	WS = SP / NL		WS = SP / NL
	SP = %x20		SP = %x20
	NL = COMMENT / CRLF		NL = COMMENT / CRLF
	COMMENT = ";" *PCHAR CRLF		COMMENT = ";" *PCHAR CRLF
	PCHAR = %x20-7E / NONASCII		PCHAR = %x20-7E / NONASCII
	NONASCII = %xA0-D7FF / %xE000-10FFFD		NONASCII = %xA0-D7FF / %xE000-10FFFD
	CRLF = %x0A / %x0D.0A		CRLF = %x0A / %x0D.0A
	Figure 11: ABNF for CDDL as updated		Figure 11: ABNF for CDDL as Updated
	Appendix B. Details about Covering Errata Report 6543		Appendix B. Details about Covering Erratum ID 6543
	This appendix is informative.		This appendix is informative.
	[Err6543] observes that the ABNF used in [RFC8610] for the content of		[Err6543] notes that the ABNF used in [RFC8610] for the content of
	byte string literals lumps together byte strings notated as text with		byte string literals lumps together byte strings notated as text with
	byte strings notated in base16 (hex) or base64 (but see also updated		byte strings notated in base16 (hex) or base64 (but see also updated
	BCHAR rule in Figure 4):		BCHAR rule in Figure 4):
	; RFC 8610 ABNF:		; ABNF from RFC 8610:
	bytes = [bsqual] %x27 *BCHAR %x27		bytes = [bsqual] %x27 *BCHAR %x27
	BCHAR = %x20-26 / %x28-5B / %x5D-10FFFD / SESC / CRLF		BCHAR = %x20-26 / %x28-5B / %x5D-10FFFD / SESC / CRLF
	Figure 12: Original RFC 8610 ABNF for BCHAR		Figure 12: Original ABNF from RFC 8610 for BCHAR
	Change Proposed By Errata Report 6543		B.1. Change Proposed by Erratum ID 6543
	Errata report 6543 proposes to handle the two cases in separate ABNF		Erratum ID 6543 proposes handling the two cases in separate ABNF
	rules (where, with an updated SESC, BCHAR obviously needs to be		rules (where, with an updated SESC, BCHAR obviously needs to be
	updated as above):		updated as above):
	; Err6543 proposal:		; Proposal from Erratum ID 6543:
	bytes = %x27 *BCHAR %x27		bytes = %x27 *BCHAR %x27
	/ bsqual %x27 *QCHAR %x27		/ bsqual %x27 *QCHAR %x27
	BCHAR = %x20-26 / %x28-5B / %x5D-10FFFD / SESC / CRLF		BCHAR = %x20-26 / %x28-5B / %x5D-10FFFD / SESC / CRLF
	QCHAR = DIGIT / ALPHA / "+" / "/" / "-" / "_" / "=" / WS		QCHAR = DIGIT / ALPHA / "+" / "/" / "-" / "_" / "=" / WS
	Figure 13: Errata Report 8653 Proposal to Split the Byte String Rules		Figure 13: Proposal from Erratum ID 6543 to Split the Byte String
			Rules
	This potentially causes a subtle change, which is hidden in the WS		This potentially causes a subtle change, which is hidden in the WS
	rule:		rule:
	; RFC 8610 ABNF:		; ABNF from RFC 8610:
	WS = SP / NL		WS = SP / NL
	SP = %x20		SP = %x20
	NL = COMMENT / CRLF		NL = COMMENT / CRLF
	COMMENT = ";" *PCHAR CRLF		COMMENT = ";" *PCHAR CRLF
	PCHAR = %x20-7E / %x80-10FFFD		PCHAR = %x20-7E / %x80-10FFFD
	CRLF = %x0A / %x0D.0A		CRLF = %x0A / %x0D.0A
	Figure 14: ABNF definition of WS from RFC 8610		Figure 14: ABNF Definition of WS from RFC 8610
	This allows any non-C0 character in a comment, so this fragment		This allows any non-C0 character in a comment, so this fragment
	becomes possible:		becomes possible:
	foo = h'		foo = h'
	43424F52 ; 'CBOR'		43424F52 ; 'CBOR'
	0A ; LF, but don't use CR!		0A ; LF, but don't use CR!
	'		'
	The current text is not unambiguously saying whether the three		The current text is not unambiguously saying whether the three
	apostrophes need to be escaped with a \ or not, as in:		apostrophes need to be escaped with a \ or not, as in:
	foo = h'		foo = h'
	43424F52 ; \'CBOR\'		43424F52 ; \'CBOR\'
	0A ; LF, but don\'t use CR!		0A ; LF, but don\'t use CR!
	'		'
	... which would be supported by the existing ABNF in [RFC8610].		... which would be supported by the existing ABNF in [RFC8610].
	No Further Change Needed After Updating String Literal Grammar		B.2. No Further Change Needed after Updating String Literal Grammar
	(Section 2.1)
	This document takes the simpler approach of leaving the processing of		This document takes the simpler approach of leaving the processing of
	the content of the byte string literal to a semantic step after		the content of the byte string literal to a semantic step after
	processing the syntax of the bytes/BCHAR rules, as updated by		processing the syntax of the bytes/BCHAR rules, as updated by Figures
	Figure 2 and Figure 4 in Section 2.1 (updates prompted by the		2 and 4 in Section 2.1 (updates prompted by the combination of
	combination of [Err6527] and [Err6278]).		[Err6527] and [Err6278]).
	The rules in Figure 14 (as updated by Figure 4) are therefore applied		Therefore, the rules in Figure 14 (as updated by Figure 4) are
	to the result of this processing where bsqual is given as h or b64.		applied to the result of this processing where bsqual is given as h
			or b64.
	Note that this approach also works well with the use of byte strings		Note that this approach also works well with the use of byte strings
	in Section 3 of [RFC9165]. It does require some care when copy-		in Section 3 of [RFC9165]. It does require some care when copying-
	pasting into CDDL models from ABNF that contains single quotes (which		and-pasting into CDDL models from ABNF that contain single quotes
	may also hide as apostrophes in comments); these need to be escaped		(which may also hide as apostrophes in comments); these need to be
	or possibly replaced by %x27.		escaped or possibly replaced by %x27.
	Finally, the approach taken lends support to extending bsqual in CDDL		Finally, the approach taken lends support to extending bsqual in CDDL
	similar to the way this is done for CBOR diagnostic notation in		similar to the way this is done for CBOR diagnostic notation in
	[I-D.ietf-cbor-edn-literals]. (Note that the processing of string		[EDN-LITERALS]. (Note that, at the time of writing, the processing
	literals now is quite similar between CDDL and EDN, except that CDDL		of string literals is quite similar for both CDDL and Extended
	has ";"-based end-of-line comments, while EDN has two comment		Diagnostic Notation (EDN), except that CDDL has end-of-line comments
	syntaxes, in-line "/"-based and end-of-line "#"-based.)		that are ";" based and EDN has two comment syntaxes: those that are
			in-line "/" based and those that are end-of-line "#" based.)
	Acknowledgments		Acknowledgments
	Many thanks go to the submitters of the errata reports addressed in		Many thanks go to the submitters of the errata reports addressed in
	this document. In one of the ensuing discussions, Doug Ewell		this document. In one of the ensuing discussions, Doug Ewell
	proposed to define an ABNF rule NONASCII, of which we have included		proposed defining an ABNF rule "NONASCII", of which we have included
	the essence. Special thanks to the reviewers Marco Tiloca, Christian		the essence. Special thanks to the reviewers Marco Tiloca, Christian
	Amsüss (shepherd review and further guidance), Orie Steele (AD review		Amsüss ( Shepherd Review and further guidance), Orie Steele (AD
	and further guidance), and Éric Vyncke (detailed IESG review).		Review and further guidance), and Éric Vyncke (detailed IESG review).
	Author's Address		Author's Address
	Carsten Bormann		Carsten Bormann
	Universität Bremen TZI		Universität Bremen TZI
	Postfach 330440		Postfach 330440
	D-28359 Bremen		D-28359 Bremen
	Germany		Germany
	Phone: +49-421-218-63921		Phone: +49-421-218-63921
	Email: cabo@tzi.org		Email: cabo@tzi.org
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