rfc9707v2.txt		rfc9707.txt
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	Report from the IAB Workshop on Barriers to Internet Access of Services		Report from the IAB Workshop on Barriers to Internet Access of Services
	(BIAS)		(BIAS)
	Abstract		Abstract
	The "Barriers to Internet Access of Services (BIAS)" workshop was		The "Barriers to Internet Access of Services (BIAS)" workshop was
	convened by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) from January 15-17,		convened by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) from January 15-17,
	2024 as a three-day online meeting. Based on the submitted position		2024 as a three-day online meeting. Based on the submitted position
	papers, the workshop covered three areas of interest: the role of		papers, the workshop covered three areas of interest: the role of
	Community Networks in Internet Access of Services, reports and		Community Networks in Internet access of services, reports and
	comments on the observed digital divide, and measurements of		comments on the observed digital divide, and measurements of
	censorship and censorship circumvention. This report summarizes the		censorship and censorship circumvention. This report summarizes the
	workshop's discussions and serves as a reference for reports on the		workshop's discussions and serves as a reference for reports on the
	current barriers to Internet Access.		current barriers to Internet access.
	Note that this document is a report on the proceedings of the		Note that this document is a report on the proceedings of the
	workshop. The views and positions documented in this report were		workshop. The views and positions documented in this report were
	expressed during the workshop by participants and do not necessarily		expressed during the workshop by participants and do not necessarily
	reflect the IAB's views and positions.		reflect the IAB's views and positions.
	Status of This Memo		Status of This Memo
	This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is		This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
	published for informational purposes.		published for informational purposes.
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	identified, and the program committee organized paper submissions		identified, and the program committee organized paper submissions
	into three main themes for each of the three discussion slots.		into three main themes for each of the three discussion slots.
	During each discussion, those papers were presented sequentially with		During each discussion, those papers were presented sequentially with
	open discussion held at the end of each day.		open discussion held at the end of each day.
	2.1. Session 1: Community Networks - Their Role in Internet Access of		2.1. Session 1: Community Networks - Their Role in Internet Access of
	Services		Services
	The first day of the workshop focused on the role of Community		The first day of the workshop focused on the role of Community
	Networks [RFC7962] as a way to overcome the barriers to Internet		Networks [RFC7962] as a way to overcome the barriers to Internet
	Access. Community Networks are self-organized networks wholly owned		access. Community Networks are self-organized networks wholly owned
	by the community and thus provide an alternative mechanism to bring		by the community and thus provide an alternative mechanism to bring
	connectivity and internet services to those places that lack		connectivity and Internet services to those places that lack
	commercial interest.		commercial interest.
	Presentations ranged from highlighting the need for measuring Quality		Presentations ranged from highlighting the need for measuring Quality
	of Experience (QoE) for Community Networks, to the potential role the		of Experience (QoE) for Community Networks, to the potential role the
	Content Delivery Network (CDN) can play in Community Networks, to the		Content Delivery Network (CDN) can play in Community Networks, to the
	role of Satellite Networks, and finally, to the vital role of the		role of Satellite Networks, and finally, to the vital role of the
	spectrum in this space.		spectrum in this space.
	2.1.1. The Quality of Community Networks		2.1.1. The Quality of Community Networks
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	focus on user expectations and how they translate to measurable		focus on user expectations and how they translate to measurable
	performance indicators. Further, it asks for better documentation of		performance indicators. Further, it asks for better documentation of
	best practices in deploying Community Networks as well as careful		best practices in deploying Community Networks as well as careful
	thought regarding manageability considerations for Community Networks		thought regarding manageability considerations for Community Networks
	in protocol development. [GUIFI] as an example Community Network was		in protocol development. [GUIFI] as an example Community Network was
	discussed, and some existing resources for Community Networks [APC]		discussed, and some existing resources for Community Networks [APC]
	[ISOC] [TBB] were shared by the participants.		[ISOC] [TBB] were shared by the participants.
	The inconsistent quality and performance of Satellite Internet result		The inconsistent quality and performance of Satellite Internet result
	in a connectivity gap for Community Networks that rely on non-		in a connectivity gap for Community Networks that rely on non-
	terrestrial networks (NTNs) for internet access [HU].		terrestrial networks (NTNs) for Internet access [HU].
	2.1.2. Strengthening Community Networks		2.1.2. Strengthening Community Networks
	[BENSON] focused on the prohibitive cost of transit and Internet		[BENSON] focused on the prohibitive cost of transit and Internet
	services for Community Networks and argued for CDNs to provide		services for Community Networks and argued for CDNs to provide
	transit-like and Internet services, at no more than at-cost, in a		transit-like and Internet services, at no more than at-cost, in a
	mutually beneficial way. Community Networks still need backhaul to		mutually beneficial way. Community Networks still need backhaul to
	and from the CDN's point of presence, and models for community-		and from the CDN's point of presence, and models for community-
	backhaul and open-source CDNs were highlighted. Discussion included		backhaul and open-source CDNs were highlighted. Discussion included
	the status of Project PANGEA [PANGEA] as well as legal and commercial		the status of Project PANGEA [PANGEA] as well as legal and commercial
	considerations related to such use of CDNs.		considerations related to such use of CDNs.
	[HU] highlighted that Satellite Internet provided by advanced low-		[HU] highlighted that Satellite Internet provided by advanced low-
	Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations can play a pivotal role in		Earth orbit (LEO) Satellite constellations can play a pivotal role in
	closing the connectivity gap in the urban-rural digital divide via		closing the connectivity gap in the urban-rural digital divide via
	Satellite-dependent Community Networks. These existing known		Satellite-dependent Community Networks. These existing known
	performance and management gaps need to be focused on, to enable		performance and management gaps need to be focused on, to enable
	Satellite Internet to resolve the divide. Further, research		Satellite Internet to resolve the divide. Further, research
	directions such as multi-layer satellite networking, autonomous		directions such as multi-layer Satellite networking, autonomous
	maintenance, and integration between terrestrial networks and NTNs		maintenance, and integration between terrestrial networks and NTNs
	were suggested.		were suggested.
	[RENNO] called attention to the coveted 6 GHz (part of the C-band		[RENNO] called attention to the coveted 6 GHz (part of the C-band
	with a desirable mix of coverage and capacity) as a prime choice for		with a desirable mix of coverage and capacity) as a prime choice for
	International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT) for 5G technology while		International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT) for 5G technology while
	it is in common unlicensed use in Community Networks (and small		it is in common unlicensed use in Community Networks (and small
	ISPs). Spectrum allocations directly impact industries and market		ISPs). Spectrum allocations directly impact industries and market
	access with ramifications for Community Networks. Further, there was		access with ramifications for Community Networks. Further, there was
	a discussion on geopolitical tensions because of these allocations.		a discussion on geopolitical tensions because of these allocations.
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	2.2.2. Lack of Consistent Acceptance of Language Scripts		2.2.2. Lack of Consistent Acceptance of Language Scripts
	On the topic of availability of Internet services and content in		On the topic of availability of Internet services and content in
	multiple languages, "Universal Acceptance of Domain Names and Email		multiple languages, "Universal Acceptance of Domain Names and Email
	Addresses: A Key to Digital Inclusion" was presented by Sarmad		Addresses: A Key to Digital Inclusion" was presented by Sarmad
	Hussain of ICANN [HUSSAIN]. The ICANN community has increased the		Hussain of ICANN [HUSSAIN]. The ICANN community has increased the
	options for multilingual identifiers through the expansion of the		options for multilingual identifiers through the expansion of the
	Internet's DNS for use in domains and email addresses. However,		Internet's DNS for use in domains and email addresses. However,
	while the work of technical specifications and policy recommendations		while the work of technical specifications and policy recommendations
	is complete, much work remains to deploy a multilingualized internet.		is complete, much work remains to deploy a multilingualized Internet.
	Today, there are around 150 internationalized domain names (IDNs),		Today, there are around 150 internationalized domain names (IDNs),
	but equal rollout of these scripts at the domain level is hindered		but equal rollout of these scripts at the domain level is hindered
	primarily by software and applications that do not yet recognize		primarily by software and applications that do not yet recognize
	these new scripts. "Universal Acceptance" is a program of action for		these new scripts. "Universal Acceptance" is a program of action for
	the internet community at large that can ensure that IDNs are		the Internet community at large that can ensure that IDNs are
	accepted and treated consistently.		accepted and treated consistently.
	2.2.3. Web Affordability and Inclusiveness		2.2.3. Web Affordability and Inclusiveness
	In "A Framework for Improving Web Affordability and Inclusiveness",		In "A Framework for Improving Web Affordability and Inclusiveness",
	Rumaisa Habib presented research on the connection between website		Rumaisa Habib presented research on the connection between website
	size and cost to end users [HABIB]. This critical inquiry presents		size and cost to end users [HABIB]. This critical inquiry presents
	access in terms of affordability and through measurement demonstrates		access in terms of affordability and through measurement demonstrates
	that the material costs to end users who pay for their connection		that the material costs to end users who pay for their connection
	based on the volume of data they download and upload have risen as		based on the volume of data they download and upload have risen as
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	pages of foreign countries. Blocking is often realized by either DNS		pages of foreign countries. Blocking is often realized by either DNS
	tampering or HTTP tampering. For DNS, either a chosen IP address, a		tampering or HTTP tampering. For DNS, either a chosen IP address, a
	bogon IP address (e.g., 127.0.0.1), or an empty domain (NXDOMAIN) is		bogon IP address (e.g., 127.0.0.1), or an empty domain (NXDOMAIN) is
	used. In the case of DNS tampering using a chosen IP address or HTTP		used. In the case of DNS tampering using a chosen IP address or HTTP
	tampering, some countries provide a block page that exposes the		tampering, some countries provide a block page that exposes the
	blocking; however, more transparency related to blocking is requested		blocking; however, more transparency related to blocking is requested
	by civil society organizations and the Internet Monitoring Action		by civil society organizations and the Internet Monitoring Action
	Project (iMAP).		Project (iMAP).
	[GROVER] further focused the discussion on online censorship in		[GROVER] further focused the discussion on online censorship in
	India, Pakistan, and Indonesia. In India, where providers are		India, Pakistan, and Indonesia.
			As discussed in [Singh2020], in India, where providers are
	responsible for implementing the blocking but no method is mandated,		responsible for implementing the blocking but no method is mandated,
	the six major ISPs (covering 98.82% of all subscribers) were tested		the six major ISPs (covering 98.82% of all subscribers) were tested
	on 4379 blocked websites (based on court orders, user reports, and		on a total of 4379 blocked websites (based on court orders, user
	publicly available or leaked government orders) on DNS poisoning/		reports, and publicly available or leaked government orders) by using
	injection or HTTP/SNI-based censorship. The censorship techniques		DNS poisoning/injection or using censorship based on HTTP or the
	used and websites blocked were different across ISPs. Multiple ISPs		Server Name Indication (SNI). The censorship techniques used and
	used two different techniques (depending on the website), and all but		websites blocked were different across ISPs. Multiple ISPs used two
	one provided censorship notices. Providers blocked between 1892 and		different techniques (depending on the website), and all but one
	3721 (of 4379) pages with only 1115 pages (27.64%) blocked by all		provided censorship notices. A list of 4379 potentially blocked
	ISPs [Singh2020]. In contrast, in Pakistan, the government can also		websites was tested; 4033 of those websites appeared in at least one
	order the ISPs to perform blocking, and blocking has even been		ISP's blocklist. Providers blocked between 1892 and 3721 of the 4033
	observed in the past at the Internet Exchange Point (IXP) level.		websites, with only 1115 websites (27.64%) blocked by all six ISPs.
	Since 2020, there has also been a central Web Monitoring System
	deployed at lines of international connectivity. In Indonesia,		In contrast, in Pakistan, the government can also order the ISPs to
	initially, the government guided ISPs in how to perform the blocking.		perform blocking, and blocking has even been observed in the past at
	The regulations were updated in 2020 to allow Indonesian ISPs to		the Internet Exchange Point (IXP) level. Since 2020, there has also
	block websites at their discretion. In 2022, there was a proposal by		been a central Web Monitoring System deployed at lines of
	ISPs to centralize DNS. In Indonesia, a partial blocklist is		international connectivity. In Indonesia, initially, the government
	publicly available, but without any indication of why something is		guided ISPs in how to perform the blocking. The regulations were
	blocked [Grover2023].		updated in 2020 to allow Indonesian ISPs to block websites at their
			discretion. In 2022, there was a proposal by ISPs to centralize DNS.
			In Indonesia, a partial blocklist is publicly available, but without
			any indication of why something is blocked [Grover2023].
	[BASSO] reported that for Russia a large increase in additions to		[BASSO] reported that for Russia a large increase in additions to
	Roskomnadzor's blocklist was observed in March 2022 as well as in		Roskomnadzor's blocklist was observed in March 2022 as well as in
	December 2022, foremost covering news pages but also covering human		December 2022, foremost covering news pages but also covering human
	rights organizations and social media, where more than 3500 blocking		rights organizations and social media, where more than 3500 blocking
	orders were added to the list by an "Unknown body". Further,		orders were added to the list by an "Unknown body". Further,
	blocking of domains that are not in the official Roskomnadzor		blocking of domains that are not in the official Roskomnadzor
	blocklist has been observed as well.		blocklist has been observed as well.
	An invited talk included a presentation of the work in [WANG] on		An invited talk included a presentation of the work in [WANG] on
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	Peirano, Lai Yi Ohlsen, Luis Martinez, Mallory Knodel, Marwan Fayed,		Peirano, Lai Yi Ohlsen, Luis Martinez, Mallory Knodel, Marwan Fayed,
	Matthew Bocci, Michael Welzl, Michuki Mwangi, Mirja Kühlewind, Mona		Matthew Bocci, Michael Welzl, Michuki Mwangi, Mirja Kühlewind, Mona
	Wang, Peng Hu, Ralph Holz, Raquel Rennó, Reethika Ramesh, Rumaisa		Wang, Peng Hu, Ralph Holz, Raquel Rennó, Reethika Ramesh, Rumaisa
	Habib, Sarmad Hussain, Simone Basso, Siti Nurliza Samsudin, Suresh		Habib, Sarmad Hussain, Simone Basso, Siti Nurliza Samsudin, Suresh
	Krishnan, Theophilus Benson, Tirumaleswar Reddy.K, Tommy Pauly, Vesna		Krishnan, Theophilus Benson, Tirumaleswar Reddy.K, Tommy Pauly, Vesna
	Manojlovic, and Wes Hardaker.		Manojlovic, and Wes Hardaker.
	Appendix C. Workshop Program Committee		Appendix C. Workshop Program Committee
	The workshop program committee members were Christopher Wood (IAB,		The workshop program committee members were Christopher Wood (IAB,
	Cloudflare), Dhruv Dhody (IAB, Huawei), Mallory Knodel (IAB, Center		Cloudflare), Dhruv Dhody (IAB, Huawei), Mallory Knodel (IAB, NYU),
	for Democracy and Technology), Mirja Kühlewind (IAB, Ericsson), and		Mirja Kühlewind (IAB, Ericsson), and Tommy Pauly (IAB, Apple).
	Tommy Pauly (IAB, Apple).
	IAB Members at the Time of Approval		IAB Members at the Time of Approval
	Internet Architecture Board members at the time this document was		Internet Architecture Board members at the time this document was
	approved for publication were:		approved for publication were:
	Matthew Bocci		Matthew Bocci
	Alissa Cooper		Alissa Cooper
	Roman Danyliw		Roman Danyliw
	Dhruv Dhody		Dhruv Dhody
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	Authors' Addresses		Authors' Addresses
	Mirja Kühlewind		Mirja Kühlewind
	Email: ietf@kuehlewind.net		Email: ietf@kuehlewind.net
	Dhruv Dhody		Dhruv Dhody
	Email: dd@dhruvdhody.com		Email: dd@dhruvdhody.com
	Mallory Knodel		Mallory Knodel
	Email: malloryk@socialweb.foundation		Email: Mallory.knodel@nyu.edu
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