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  <front>
    <title abbrev="BIAS Workshop Report">IAB Report">Report from the IAB Workshop on Barriers to Internet Access of Services (BIAS) Workshop Report</title> (BIAS)</title>
    <seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-iab-bias-workshop-report-02"/> name="RFC" value="9707"/>
    <author fullname="Mirja Kühlewind">
      <organization/>
      <address>
        <email>ietf@kuehlewind.net</email>
      </address>
    </author>
    <author fullname="Dhruv Dhody">
      <organization/>
      <address>
        <email>dd@dhruvdhody.com</email>
      </address>
    </author>
    <author fullname="Mallory Knodel">
      <organization/>
      <address>
        <email>mknodel@cdt.org</email>
        <email>Mallory.knodel@nyu.edu</email>
      </address>
    </author>
    <date year="2024" month="June" day="20"/> month="December"/>

    <keyword>Internet Access</keyword>
    <keyword>Censorship</keyword>
    <keyword>community networks</keyword>
    <keyword>Community Networks</keyword>
    <keyword>digital divide</keyword>

    <abstract>
      <?line 218?>
<t>The "Barriers for to Internet Access of Services (BIAS)" workshop was convened by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) from January 15-17, 2024 as a three-day online meeting.  Based on the submitted position papers, the workshop covered three areas of interest: the role of community networks Community Networks in Internet Access access of Services; services, reports and comments on the observed digital divide; divide, and measurements of censorship and censorship circumvention. This report summarizes the workshop's discussion discussions and serves as a reference for reports on the current barriers to Internet Access.</t> access.</t>
      <t>Note that this document is a report on the proceedings of the workshop.  The views and positions documented in this report were expressed during the workshop by participants and do not necessarily reflect the IAB's views and positions.</t>
    </abstract>
    <note removeInRFC="true">
      <name>About This Document</name>
      <t>
        The latest revision of this draft can be found at <eref target="https://intarchboard.github.io/draft-iab-bias-workshop-report/draft-iab-bias-workshop-report.html"/>.
        Status information for this document may be found at <eref target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-iab-bias-workshop-report/"/>.
      </t>
      <t>Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
        <eref target="https://github.com/intarchboard/draft-iab-bias-workshop-report"/>.</t>
    </note>
  </front>
  <middle>
    <?line 224?>

<section anchor="introduction">
      <name>Introduction</name>
      <t>The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) holds occasional workshops
      designed to consider long-term issues and strategies for the
      Internet, and to suggest future directions for the Internet
      architecture.  This long-term planning function of the IAB is
      complementary to the ongoing engineering efforts performed by working
      groups of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).</t>

      <t>The Internet as part of the critical infrastructure affects many aspects of our society significantly, although it impacts different parts of society differently. The Internet is an important tool to reach for reaching the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) (SDGs) listed in <xref target="SDG"/> target="SDGs"/> and to for globally support supporting human rights. Consequently, the lack of meaningful access to digital infrastructure and services is also a form of disenfranchisement.</t>
      <t>Solely having Internet access is not enough. At the same time as we work to connect the next billion people and reduce the digital divide, it is also important to understand persistent and novel inequalities in the digital age when accessing content and services. There are more and more barriers to meaningful access to the services and applications that run on the Internet. Even if Internet connectivity is available, information and service access may remain challenged and unequal.</t>
      <t>This IAB workshop has aimed</t> aimed to</t>
      <ul spacing="normal">
        <li>
          <t>to collect
          <t>collect reports about barriers to accessing content and services on the Internet, e.g. based Internet.  For example:</t>
        <ul spacing="normal">
          <li>
            <t>based on filtering, and blocking as well as due filtering.</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>based on blocking.</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>due to general inequality of technological capabilities, like e.g., device or protocol limitations.</t>
          </li>
	</ul>
	</li>
      </ul>
      <ul spacing="normal">
        <li>
          <t>to help
          <t>help the Internet community get a better understanding of how the Internet functions in different parts of the world and which technology or techniques need to be used to gain access to content.</t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t>to build
          <t>build an understanding of what "being connected" to the Internet means: What is the Internet to users? What is needed to be meaningfully connected? What are the minimum requirements to be able to access certain parts of the content and services provided over the Internet?</t>
        </li>
      </ul>
      <section anchor="about-this-workshop-report-content">
        <name>About this workshop report content</name> the Content of This Workshop Report</name>
        <t>This document is a report on the proceedings of the workshop. The views and positions documented in this report are were expressed during the workshop by participants and do not necessarily reflect the IAB's views and positions.</t>
        <t>Furthermore, the content of the report comes from presentations given by workshop participants and notes taken during the discussions, without interpretation or validation.  Thus, the content of this report follows the flow and dialogue of the workshop but does not attempt to capture a consensus.</t>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section anchor="workshop-scope-and-discussion">
      <name>Workshop Scope and Discussion</name>
      <t>The workshop was organized across three days with all-group discussion slots, one per day. The following topic areas were identified identified, and the program committee organized paper submissions into three main themes for each of the three discussion slots. During each discussion, those papers were presented sequentially with open discussion held at the end of each day.</t>
      <section anchor="session-1-community-networks-their-role-in-internet-access-of-services">
        <name>Session 1: Community Networks - Their Role in Internet Access of Services</name>
        <t>The first day of the workshop focused on the role of Community Networks <xref target="RFC7962"/> as a way to overcome the barriers to Internet Access. access. Community Networks are self-organized networks wholly owned by the community and thus provide an alternative mechanism to bring connectivity and internet Internet services to those places that lack commercial interest.</t>
        <t>Presentations ranged from highlighting the need for measuring Quality of Experience (QoE) for Community Networks, to the potential role the Content Delivery Network (CDN) can play in Community Networks, to the role of Satellite Networks, and finally, to the vital role of the spectrum in this space.</t>
        <section anchor="the-quality-of-community-networks">
          <name>The Quality of Community Networks</name>
          <t><xref target="MARTINEZ"/> highlighted the need to address Quality of Experience (QoE) QoE in discussions around Community Networks. As a community-driven deployment, the knowledge and involvement of individuals can vary; therefore, there are no guarantees of connectivity or quality of service. There is a need to focus on user expectations and how they translate to measurable performance indicators. Further, it asks for better documenting documentation of best practices in deploying community networks Community Networks as well as considering careful thought regarding manageability considerations for community networks Community Networks in protocol development. <xref target="GUIFI"/> as an example Community Network was discussed discussed, and some existing resources for Community Networks (<xref target="APC"/>, <xref target="ISOC"/>, and target="APC"/> <xref target="ISOC"/> <xref target="TBB"/>) target="TBB"/> were shared by the participants.</t>
          <t>The inconsistent quality and performance of Satellite Internet is result in a connectivity gap for community networks Community Networks that rely on non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) for internet Internet access <xref target="HU"/>.</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="strengthening-community-networks">
          <name>Strengthening Community Networks</name>
          <t><xref target="BENSON"/> focused on the prohibitive cost of the transit and Internet service services for Community Networks and argued for Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) CDNs to provide transit-like and Internet services services, at no more than at-cost at-cost, in a mutually beneficial way. Community networks Networks still need backhaul to and from the CDN's point of presence presence, and models for community-backhaul and open-source CDNs were highlighted. Discussion included the status of Project PANGEA <xref target="PANGEA"/> project status as well as legal and commercial considerations in related to such use of CDNs.</t>
          <t><xref target="HU"/> highlighted that Satellite Internet provided by advanced LEO satellite low-Earth orbit (LEO) Satellite constellations can play a pivotal role in closing the connectivity gap in the urban-rural digital divide via Satellite-dependent community networks. Community Networks. These existing known performance and management gaps need focus to be focused on, to enable Satellite Internet to resolve the divide. Further, research directions such as multi-layer satellite Satellite networking, autonomous maintenance, and integration between Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial terrestrial networks and NTNs were suggested.</t>
          <t><xref target="RENNO"/> called attention to the coveted 6GHz 6 GHz (part of the C-band with a desirable mix of coverage and capacity) as a prime choice for International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT) for 5G technology while it is in common unlicensed use in the community networks Community Networks (and small ISPs). Spectrum allocations directly impact industries and market access with ramifications for community networks. Community Networks. Further, there was a discussion on the geopolitical tension tensions because of it.</t> these allocations.</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="discussion">
          <name>Discussion</name>
          <t>How can the technical community address the management gap gaps and improve best practices for Community Networks? Is the increasing complexity of the Internet making it more challenging to establish secure connections, and should this be taken into account in the design of the Internet? What steps need to be taken to make sure Community Networks are secure? Should the manageability consideration considerations be expanded to explicitly consider Community Networks? The Global Access to the Internet for All (GAIA) Research Group <xref target="GAIA"/> research group could be a venue for further discussion and research. Further discussion highlighted the need for readily available knowledge and tools for community networks Community Networks as well as the tussle with market forces when commercial networks compete with community networks. Community Networks. Also, there is a lack of operational inputs from community network Community Network operators in the IETF/IRTF.</t>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section anchor="session-2-digital-divide-reports-and-comments">
        <name>Session 2: Digital Divide - Reports and Comments</name>
        <t>Critical internet Internet infrastructure affects many aspects of our society
significantly, although differently, the it impacts different parts of society
differently.  The inequitable aspects of which are typically referred to as
"digital inclusion" signifying inclusion"; these aspects signify that in efforts to digitalise
digitalize society, there are those left out due to what is
typically called the "digital divide", a related term specific to
access to the Internet. These concepts together demonstrate that even if Internet connectivity is available, for some there will remain challenges towards achieving equality. This becomes especially significant as governments view the Internet as an important tool to help for helping them reach the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) SDGs listed in <xref target="SDG"/> target="SDGs"/> and to for globally support supporting human rights.</t>
        <t>The second day of workshops was essential to understanding the nature of the digital divide. Presentations of reports interrogated at least three key aspects of the digital divide, though there it is recognition recognized that there may be more technical aspects of the digital divide that were not present. Those were: differences addressed. Three of those aspects were:</t>
  <ul spacing="normal">
   <li>differences between population demographics in the provision of online resources by governments, inequality governments.</li>
   <li>inequality in the use of multilingualized domains and email addresses, and increased addresses.</li>
   <li>increased costs for end-user downloads from websites of contemporary websites' sizes.</t> sizes.</li>
  </ul>
        <section anchor="disparities-in-service-provision">
          <name>Disparities in service provision</name> Service Provisioning</name>
<!-- DNE "evidence that ..." text below from [HOLZ]; verified and corrected -->
          <t>Ralph Holz presented research that exposes the more limited DNS-mediated access to government websites by Indigenous communities in Australia as compared to less disadvantaged users in the same population in "Evidence for a digital divide? Measuring DNS dependencies in the context of the Indigenous indigenous population of Australia". Australia" <xref target="HOLZ"/> target="HOLZ"/>. DNS dependency trends were analysed analyzed between two lists of domains serving Australian government sites for Indigenous users and the general population. Researchers found, found "evidence that dependencies for the Indigenous indigenous population are indeed differently configured," indicative of a difference in service provisioning. However However, qualitative follow-up research is needed to interrogate both the potential reasons for these differences and whether the differences contribute to a "digital divide" digital divide that is tangible for Indigenous users.</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="lack-of-consistent-acceptance-of-language-scripts">
          <name>Lack of consistent acceptance Consistent Acceptance of language scripts</name> Language Scripts</name>
          <t>On the topic of availability of Internet services and content in multiple languages languages, "Universal Acceptance of Domain Names and Email Addresses: A Key to Digital Inclusion" was presented by Sarmad Hussain of ICANN. ICANN <xref target="HUSSAIN"/> target="HUSSAIN"/>. The ICANN community has increased the options for multilingual identifiers through the expansion of the Internet's DNS for use in domains and email addresses. However, while the work of technical specification specifications and policy recommendations is complete, much work remains to deploy a multiligualized internet. Today multilingualized Internet. Today, there are around 150 internationalised internationalized domain names (IDNs) (IDNs), but the barriers to
equal rollout of these scripts at the domain level are is hindered primarily by software and applications that do not yet recognise recognize these new scripts. "Universal Acceptance" is a programme program of action for the internet Internet community at large that can ensure that IDNs are accepted and treated consistently.</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="web-affordability-and-inclusiveness">
          <name>Web Affordability and Inclusiveness</name>
<!-- [LB]  "geographic variations in ..." is quoted from [HABIB] (verified) -->
          <t>In "A Framework for Improving Web Affordability and Inclusiveness" Inclusiveness", Rumaisa Habib presented research on the connection between website size and cost to end users. users <xref target="HABIB"/> target="HABIB"/>. This critical inquiry presents access in terms of affordability and through measurement demonstrates that the material costs to end users who pay for their connection based on the volume of data they download and upload have risen as the complexity of the web Web grows. Their research provides a framework for optimisation optimization based on end-user affordability. This framework is anchored to in reality: it <xref target="HABIB"/> proposes a fairness metric and suggests systematic adaptations to Web complexity of the Web based on "geographic variations in mobile broadband prices and income levels."</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="discussion-1">
          <name>Discussion</name>
          <t>These three reports discuss very different aspects of current inequalities in Internet access in various parts of the world: service provision, provisioning, availability, and economic costs. Notably, the reports discuss trends that exacerbate the digital divide beyond the question of connectivity or whether users have access to the Internet, potentially bringing yielding concrete ways that the IETF community can address digital inclusion within its remit.</t>
          <t>Discussants noted that while there are some interesting aspects to the problem of the digital divide, such as measurements and frameworks, most of the work is involves getting this work to the right appropriate people at the policy layer so there level; therefore, it is an importance of communicating important to communicate this technical evidence to the right appropriate people. The IETF's role could be to build consensus on the proper solutions presented to decision-makers that put research and measurement not only in context but also in a consensus-driven solution space. Another method to better communicate this research is by telling stories of end users in more relatable and relevant terms, which terms; this is often a challenge for at the technical level and a role for more diverse stakeholders at the more local level.</t>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section anchor="session-3-censorship-reports-and-circumvention">
        <name>Session 3: Censorship - Reports and Circumvention</name>
        <t>This session focused on reports of censorship as observed during in recent years in different parts of the world, as well as world; it also focused on the use of of, and expectation on expectations for, censorship circumvention tools, mainly the use of secure VPN services.</t>
        <t>The censorship reports, with a focus on Asia, and specifically India, as well as Russia, as an example where censorship has changed significantly recently, discussed the reports highlighted legal frameworks and court acts actions
that put legal obligations on regional network providers to block traffic. The discussion focused on Asia, specifically India, and included Russia as an example where censorship practices have recently undergone significant changes. Further, measurements to validate the blocking as well as analyses of how blocking is implemented were discussed, i.e. i.e., which protocols are used but also which kind kinds of devices are used to configure the blocking rules and where are they are deployed.</t>
        <section anchor="censorship-orders-measurements-and-device-analysis">
          <name>Censorship Orders, Measurements, and Device Analysis</name>
          <t><xref target="SAMSUDIN"/> reported on confirmed blocking from 10 countries (Cambodia, Hong Kong (China), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Timor-Leste, and Vietnam) in the period from 1 July 2022 to 30 June 2023. The blocking was either confirmed by OONI either (1)&nbsp;Open Observatory of
Network Interference (OONI) measurements for existing blocking fingerprints, heuristics, i.e. fingerprints or heuristics (i.e., for new blocking fingerprints as well as news reports of blocking orders, orders) or user (2)&nbsp;user experiences. Most of these countries block specific content such as porn, gambling, or certain news pages. Interestingly Interestingly, the blocking in Hong Kong and Myanmar is focused on the military and governmental pages of foreign countries. Blocking is often realized by either DNS tampering or HTTP tampering. For DNS, either a decided chosen IP address, a bogon IP address (127.0.0.1), (e.g., 127.0.0.1), or an empty domain (nxdomain) (NXDOMAIN) is used. In the case of DNS tampering using a decided chosen IP address or HTTP tampering tampering, some countries provide a block page that exposes the blocking, blocking; however, more transparency about related to blocking is requested by civil society organizations and the iMAP project.</t> Internet Monitoring Action Project (iMAP).</t>
          <t><xref target="GROVER"/> further focused the discussion on online censorship in India, Pakistan, and Indonesia. In Indonesia.</t>
<t>As discussed in <xref target="Singh2020"/>, in India, where providers are
responsible for implementing the blocking but no method is mandated, the six major ISPs (covering 98.82% of all subscribers) were tested on a total of 4379 blocked websites (based on court orders, user reports, and publicly available or leaked government orders) on by using DNS poisoning/injection or HTTP/SNI-based censorship. Used using censorship based on HTTP or the Server Name Indication (SNI). The censorship techniques used and websites blocked were different across ISPs. Multiple ISPs used two different techniques (depending on the website), and all but one provided censorship notices. A list of 4379 potentially blocked websites was tested; 4033 of those websites
appeared in at least one ISP's blocklist. Providers blocked between 1892 to and 3721 (of 4379) pages of the 4033 websites, with only 1115 websites (27.64%) of pages blocked by all ISPs. <xref target="Singh2020"/> In six ISPs.</t>
<t>In contrast, in Pakistan, the government can also order the IPSs ISPs to
perform blocking blocking, and blocking has even been observed in the past on at
the IXP Internet Exchange Point (IXP) level. Since 2020, there has also been a central Web Monitoring System deployed at lines of international connectivity. In Indonesia, initially, the government guided ISPs in how to perform the blocking. The regulations were updated in 2020 to allow Indonesian ISPs to block websites at their discretion. In 2022, there was a proposal by internet service providers ISPs to centralise centralize DNS. In Indonesia, a partial block list blocklist is publicly available, but without any indication of why something is blocked. blocked <xref target="Grover2023"/></t> target="Grover2023"/>.</t>
          <t><xref target="BASSO"/> reported that for Russia a high large increase in additions to the Roskomnadzor's block list blocklist was observed in March 2022 as well as in December 2022, foremost covering news pages but also covering human rights organizations and social media, where more than 3500 blocking orders were added to the list by an "Unknown body". Further, blocking of domains that are not in the official Roskomnadzor's list Roskomnadzor blocklist has been observed as well.</t>
          <t>An invited talk presented included a presentation of the work in <xref target="WANG"/> on locating censorship devices by using HTTP and TLS traceroutes, identifying device vendors through fingerprinting, and reverse-engineering censorship triggers by the use of fuzzing. E.g. for For example, in the case of Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, they showed that a significant portion of measurements from remote countries are is blocked at the endpoint, indicating local policies policies, but showed that connection resets are also happening in Belarus and Russia. Further, they could identify a set of commercial network devices (with filtering techniques such as firewalls) that are used in these countries for censorship and show how fuzzing can be used to fingerprint and cluster behaviours behaviors as well as potentially circumvent the deployed methods.</t>
          <t>All speakers called for more transparency by requiring blocking messages as well as publication and auditing of blocklists. Potentially Potentially, even standardization could help.</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="use-of-vpns-for-censorship-circumvents-and-user-expectations"> anchor="use-of-vpns-for-censorship-circumventions-and-user-expectations">
          <name>Use of VPNs for Censorship Circumvents Circumventions and User Expectations</name>
          <t>Further on in the session, the possibility and prevalence of using VPNs for circumvention has been discussed were discussed, including user expectations and an analysis of security shortcomings of commercial VPN services. The analysis presented in <xref target="RAMESH"/> target="RAMESH-1"/> has shown various problems that lead to data leaks leaks, such as leakage (1)&nbsp;leakage of IPv6 traffic, non-browser (2)&nbsp;non-browser traffic, or tunnel (3)&nbsp;tunnel failure, not upholding in addition to failing to uphold user expectations, especially when used in authoritarian regimes for censorship circumvention or private communication.</t>
          <t>The question of how common the use of VPNs for circumvention is and its legal implications, as VPNs are illegal in a few countries, has been was discussed. E.g. For example, VPNs are not officially banned in India India, but VPN providers need to store log data and those, those who haven't complied, complied stopped serving India. However, more data on VPN use and blocking might be needed.</t>
        </section>
        <section anchor="discussion-2">
          <name>Discussion</name>
          <t>After all, there is a cat-and-mouse game between censors censorship and circumvents, circumvention; however, continued work on protocol enhancements that protect user privacy is essential.</t>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section anchor="key-take-aways">
        <name>Key Take Aways</name> Takeaways</name>
        <t>Some key takeaways from the workshop are -</t> as follows:</t>
        <ul spacing="normal">
          <li>
            <t>There is a need for the technical community to address the management gaps in operating Community Networks.</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>Work should be done in documenting to document best practices for operating Community Networks.</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>During the development of protocols, explicit manageability considerations related to Community Networks should be considered.</t> carefully thought out.</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>Build consensus on solutions that have the most significant impact in fostering digital inclusion. Further, promoting these solutions ensures that efforts to bridge the digital divide are effective and inclusive.</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>Further work should be done to enhance protocols protocols, ensuring that user privacy should continue.</t> is preserved.</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>Develop further protocols (or extensions to existing protocols) that enable more transparency on filtering filtering, and promote their use and deployment.</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>Develop new VPN-like services and potentially support measurements to understand their deployment and use.</t>
          </li>
          <li>
            <t>Further discussion of these topics could happen in GAIA, HRPC, PEARG, the GAIA Research Group, the Human Rights Protocol Considerations (HRPC) Research Group, the Privacy Enhancements and MAPRG Assessments Research Group (PEARG), and the Measurement and Analysis for Protocols Research Group (MAPRG), based on the relevance to the research group. The management Management-related and operations-related discussion discussions can be taken to OPSAWG. the IETF Operations and Management Area Working Group (OPSAWG). The community could also explore if whether a group focused on censorship (and its circumvention) focused group could be created.</t>
          </li>
        </ul>
      </section>
    </section>
  </middle>
  <back>
    <references anchor="sec-informative-references">
      <name>Informative References</name>
      <reference anchor="RFC7962">
        <front>
          <title>Alternative Network Deployments: Taxonomy, Characterization, Technologies, and Architectures</title>
          <author fullname="J. Saldana" initials="J." role="editor" surname="Saldana"/>
          <author fullname="A. Arcia-Moret" initials="A." surname="Arcia-Moret"/>
          <author fullname="B. Braem" initials="B." surname="Braem"/>
          <author fullname="E. Pietrosemoli" initials="E." surname="Pietrosemoli"/>
          <author fullname="A. Sathiaseelan" initials="A." surname="Sathiaseelan"/>
          <author fullname="M. Zennaro" initials="M." surname="Zennaro"/>
          <date month="August" year="2016"/>
          <abstract>

  <section><name>IANA Considerations</name>
   <t>This document presents a taxonomy of a set of "Alternative Network Deployments" that emerged in has no IANA actions.</t>
  </section>

<!-- [LB]  Added the last decade with Sec. Cons. section per Dhruv for now; will wait
for confirmation from the aim of bringing Internet connectivity to people or providing Doc. Shepherd -->

<!-- [rfced] [Document Shepherd]  We see that this document does not
contain a local communication infrastructure Security Considerations section.  Please see Section 4.8.5
of RFC 7322 (https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7322).  Also, please
provide appropriate text for this document.  For example, should
"security shortcomings" in Section 2.3.2 be mentioned/addressed?

If you verify that security considerations do not apply to serve various complementary needs and objectives. They employ architectures and topologies different from those of mainstream networks and rely on alternative governance and business models.</t>
            <t>The document also surveys this
document, we could add something like the technologies deployed following (as done in these networks, and their differing architectural characteristics, including a set
IAB RFCs 8700 ("Fifty Years of definitions RFCs") and shared properties.</t>
            <t>The classification considers models such as Community Networks, Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs), networks owned by individuals but leased out to network operators who use them as a low-cost medium to reach the underserved population, networks that provide connectivity by sharing wireless resources of the users, 9419 ("Considerations on
Application - Network Collaboration Using Path Signals")):

 4.  Security Considerations

    This document has no security considerations.

Please review and rural utility cooperatives.</t>
          </abstract>
        </front>
        <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="7962"/>
        <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC7962"/>
      </reference> advise. -->

<section anchor="sec-cons">
   <name>Security Considerations</name>

    <t>This document has no security considerations.</t>
</section>

  </middle>
  <back>
    <references anchor="sec-informative-references">
      <name>Informative References</name>

      <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.7962.xml"/>

      <reference anchor="SDG" anchor="SDGs" target="https://sdgs.un.org/goals">
        <front>
          <title>Sustainable Development
          <title>The 17 Goals</title>
          <author>
            <organization/>
            <organization>United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs - Sustainable Development</organization>
          </author>
          <date>n.d.</date>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="MARTINEZ" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasws-community-networks-and-the-quest-for-quality-00.pdf">
        <front>
          <title>Community Networks and the Quest for Quality</title>
          <author initials="L. M." surname="Martínez-Cervantes" fullname="Luis Miguel Martínez Cervantes">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="R." surname="Guevara-Martínez" fullname="Rolando Guevara Martínez">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date year="2024" month="January"/>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="GUIFI" target="https://guifi.net/en">
        <front>
          <title>Guifi.net</title>
          <title>guifi.net</title>
          <author>
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date>n.d.</date>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="APC" target="https://www.apc.org/">
        <front>
          <title>The Association for Progressive Communications (APC)</title>
          <author>
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date>n.d.</date>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="ISOC" target="https://www.internetsociety.org/action-plan/community-networks/">
        <front>
          <title>Community
          <title>Connecting the Unconnected: Community networks help bridge the connectivity gap</title>
          <author>
            <organization/>
            <organization>Internet Society</organization>
          </author>
          <date>n.d.</date>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="TBB" target="https://tribalbroadbandbootcamp.org/">
        <front>
          <title>Tribal Broadband Bootcamp</title>
          <author>
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date>n.d.</date>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="BENSON" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasws-a-c-in-cdn-access-service-to-and-from-the-internet-at-cost-for-community-networks-00.pdf">
        <front>
          <title>A 'C' in CDN - CDN: Access service to and from the Internet at cost for community networks</title>
          <author initials="T. A." surname="Benson" fullname="Theophilus A. Benson">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="M." surname="Fayed" fullname="Marwan Fayed">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date year="2024" month="January"/>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="PANGEA" target="https://www.cloudflare.com/en-gb/pangea/">
        <front>
          <title>Project Pangea from Cloudflare</title> Pangea: Helping underserved communities expand access to the Internet for free</title>
          <author>
            <organization/>
            <organization>Cloudflare</organization>
          </author>
          <date>n.d.</date>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="HU" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasws-closing-the-performance-and-management-gaps-with-satellite-internet-challenges-approaches-and-future-directions-01.pdf">
        <front>
          <title>Closing the Performance and Management Gaps with Satellite Internet - Internet: Challenges, Approaches, and Future Directions</title>
          <author initials="P." surname="Hu" fullname="Peng Hu">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date year="2024" month="January"/>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="RENNO" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasws-position-paper-by-raquel-renno-01.pdf">
        <front>
          <title>Maximising Connectivity - Connectivity: The Spectrum's Vital Role in Technology Access</title>
          <author initials="R." surname="Rennó" fullname="Raquel Rennó">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date year="2024" month="January"/>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="GAIA" target="https://www.irtf.org/gaia.html">
        <front>
          <title>Global Access to the Internet for All Research Group</title> Group (GAIA)</title>
          <author>
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date>n.d.</date>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="SAMSUDIN" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasws-position-paper-by-raquel-renno-01.pdf"> target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasws-imap-internet-monitoring-action-project-internet-censorship-report-02.pdf">
        <front>
          <title>iMAP (Internet Monitoring Action Project) 2023 Internet Censorship Report</title>
          <author initials="S." surname="Samsudin" fullname="Siti Nurliza Samsudin">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date year="2024" month="January"/>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="GROVER" target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/interim-2024-biasws-03/materials/slides-interim-2024-biasws-03-sessa-online-censorship-in-india-pakistan-and-indonesia-00">
        <front>
          <title>Online censorship in India, Pakistan and Indonesia</title>
          <author initials="G." surname="Grover" fullname="Gurshabad Grover">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date year="2024" month="January"/>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="Grover2023" target="https://archive.org/details/eaten-by-the-internet/">
        <front>
          <title>The infrastructure of censorship in Asia</title>
          <author initials="G." surname="Grover" fullname="Gurshabad Grover">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="C." surname="Cath" fullname="Corinne Cath (ed.)">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date year="2023" month="October"/>
        </front>
        <refcontent>in &quot;Eaten by the Internet&quot;, ed. Corinne Cath, pp. 75-81</refcontent>
        <refcontent>Internet Archive, Meatspace Press</refcontent>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="Singh2020" target="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3394231.3397891"> target="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.08590">
        <front>
          <title>How India Censors the Web</title>
          <author initials="K." surname="Singh" fullname="Kushagra Singh">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="G." surname="Grover" fullname="Gurshabad Grover">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="V." surname="Bansal" fullname="Varun Bansal">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date year="2020" month="July"/>
        </front>
        <refcontent>WebSci '20: Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Web Science, pp. 21-28</refcontent>
        <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1145/3394231.3397891"/>
      </reference>
      <reference anchor="BASSO" target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/interim-2024-biasws-03/materials/slides-interim-2024-biasws-03-sessa-online-censorship-in-india-pakistan-and-indonesia-00"> target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/interim-2024-biasws-03/materials/slides-interim-2024-biasws-03-sessa-slide-how-internet-censorship-changed-in-russia-during-the-1st-year-of-military-conflict-in-ukraine-00.pdf">
        <front>
          <title>How Internet censorship changed in Russia during the 1st year of military conflict in Ukraine</title>
          <author initials="S." surname="Basso" fullname="Simone Basso">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date year="2024" month="January"/>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="WANG" target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/interim-2024-biasws-03/materials/slides-interim-2024-biasws-03-sessa-online-censorship-in-india-pakistan-and-indonesia-00"> target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/interim-2024-biasws-03/materials/slides-interim-2024-biasws-03-sessa-network-measurement-methods-for-locating-and-examining-censorship-devices-00.pdf">
        <front>
          <title>Network Measurement Methods for Locating and Examining Censorship Devices</title>
          <author initials="R. S." surname="Raman" fullname="Ram Sundara Raman">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="M." surname="Wang" fullname="Mona Wang">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="J." surname="Dalek" fullname="Jakub Dalek">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="J." surname="Mayer" fullname="Jonathan Mayer">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="R." surname="Ensafi" fullname="Roya Ensafi">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date year="2023" month="November"/>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="RAMESH" anchor="RAMESH-1" target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/interim-2024-biasws-03/materials/slides-interim-2024-biasws-03-sessa-investigating-the-vpn-ecosystem-through-the-lens-of-security-privacy-and-usability-00">
        <front>
          <title>Investigating the VPN Ecosystem through the lens of Security, Privacy, and Usability</title>
          <author initials="R." surname="Ramesh" fullname="Reethika Ramesh">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date year="2024" month="January"/>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="HOLZ" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasws-evidence-for-a-digital-divide-measuring-dns-dependencies-in-the-context-of-the-indigenous-population-of-australia-00.pdf">
        <front>
          <title>Evidence for a digital divide? Measuring DNS dependencies in the context of the indigenous population of Australia</title>
          <author initials="R." surname="Holz" fullname="Ralph Holz">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="N." surname="Nazemi" fullname="Niousha Nazemi">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="O." surname="Tavallaie" fullname="Omid Tavallaie">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="A. Y." surname="Zomaya" fullname="Albert Y. Zomaya">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date year="2023"/>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="HUSSAIN" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasws-universal-acceptance-of-domain-names-and-email-addresses-a-key-to-digital-inclusion-01.pdf">
        <front>
          <title>Universal Acceptance of Domain Names and Email Addresses - Addresses: A Key to Digital Inclusion</title>
          <author initials="S." surname="Hussain" fullname="Sarmad Husain"> Hussain">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date year="2023"/>
        </front>
      </reference>

<!-- Used <https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3603269.3604872> to verify
     the author list -->
      <reference anchor="HABIB" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasws-a-framework-for-improving-web-affordability-and-inclusiveness-00.pdf">
        <front>
          <title>A Framework for Improving Web Affordability and Inclusiveness</title>
          <author initials="R." surname="Habib" fullname="Rumaisa Habib">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="S." surname="Tanveer" fullname="Sarah Tanveer">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="A." surname="Inam" fullname="Aimen Inam">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="H." surname="Ahmed" fullname="Haseeb Ahmed">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="A." surname="Ali" fullname="Ayesha Ali">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="Z. A." surname="Uzmi" fullname="Zartash Afzal Uzmi">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="Z. A." surname="Qazi" fullname="Zafar Ayyub Qazi">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="I. A." surname="Qazi" fullname="Ihsan Ayyub Qazi">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date year="2023" month="September"/>
        </front>
        <refcontent>ACM SIGCOMM '23, pp. 592-607</refcontent>
        <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1145/3603269.3604872"/>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="OTT" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasws-the-internet-only-for-the-fast-00.pdf">
        <front>
          <title>The Internet: Only for the Fast?</title>
          <author initials="J." surname="Ott" fullname="Jörg Ott">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="G." surname="Bartolomeo" fullname="Giovanni Bartolomeo">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="M.M." surname="Bese" fullname="Mert Mehmet Bese">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="R." surname="Bose" fullname="Rohan Bose">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="M." surname="Bosk" fullname="Marcin Bosk">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="D." surname="Guzman" fullname="David Guzman">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="L." surname="Kärkkäinen" fullname="Ljubica Kärkkäinen">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="M." surname="Kosek" fullname="Mike Kosek">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="N." surname="Mohan" fullname="Nitinder Mohan">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="D." surname="Trossen" fullname="Dirk Trossen">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="M." surname="Welzl" fullname="Michael Welzl">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="L." surname="Vogel" fullname="Lucas Vogel">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date year="2024" month="January"/>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="OHLSEN" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasws-m-lab-position-paper-01.pdf">
        <front>
          <title>BIAS workshop - M-Lab Position Paper submission</title>
          <author initials="L.Y." surname="Ohlsen" fullname="Lai Yi Ohlsen">
            <organization/>
	  </author>
          <date year="2024" month="December"/>
        </front>
      </reference>

      <reference anchor="RAMESH-2" target="https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/ramesh-vpn">
        <front>
          <title>"All of them claim to be the best": Multi-perspective study of VPN users and VPN providers</title>
          <author initials="R." surname="Ramesh" fullname="Reethika Ramesh">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="A." surname="Vyas" fullname="Anjali Vyas">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <author initials="R." surname="Ensafi" fullname="Roya Ensafi">
            <organization/>
          </author>
          <date year="2023" month="August"/>
        </front>
        <refcontent>32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security '23</refcontent>
      </reference>

    </references>
    <?line 336?>

<section anchor="position-papers">
      <name>Position Papers</name>
      <t>19
      <t>Nineteen position papers were submitted to the workshop call for papers. 11 Twelve were selected for publication. Papers that were not published either (1) only (1)&nbsp;only provided a very prelimited analysis of an idea that was felt to be incomprehensive for discussion at the workshop, workshop or (2) addressed (2)&nbsp;addressed problems that were considered beyond the scope as dedicated for of the workshop discussion e.g. discussions, e.g., discussing cyber security threads cybersecurity threats as a barrier for to participation or implication of technology in a regulation that imposes blocking. Both of these topics scenarios pose a potentially severe risk on for the open Internet, Internet; however, these risks they might provide pose a high risk for all Internet users but do not necessarily imply an unbalance.</t>
      <t>All accepted papers are available at: https://datatracker.ietf.org/group/biasws/materials/</t> at <eref target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/group/biasws/materials/" brackets="angle"/>.</t>
      <t>This is the list of all published papers:</t>
      <t>Community Networks:</t>
      <ul spacing="normal">
        <li>
          <t>L. M. Martínez-Cervantes, R. Guevara-Martínez:
          <t>Martínez-Cervantes, L.&nbsp;M. and R.&nbsp;Guevara-Martínez: Community Networks and the Quest for
Quality <xref target="MARTINEZ"/></t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t>T. Benson, M. Fayed:
          <t>Benson, T.&nbsp;A. and M.&nbsp;Fayed: A ‘C’ 'C' in CDN: Access service to and from the Internet at cost for community networks at-cost <xref target="BENSON"/></t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t>P. Hu:
          <t>Hu, P.: Closing the Performance and Management Gaps with Satellite Internet:
Challenges, Approaches, and Future Directions <xref target="HU"/></t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t>R. Rennó:
          <t>Rennó, R.: Maximising Connectivity: The Spectrum's Vital Role in Technology Access <xref
target="RENNO"/></t>
        </li>
      </ul>
      <t>Digital Divide:</t>
      <ul spacing="normal">
        <li>
          <t>R. Holz, N.
          <t>Holz, R., Nazemi, O. N., Tavallaie, A.Y. Zomaya: O., and A.&nbsp;Y.&nbsp;Zomaya: Evidence for a digital divide?
Measuring DNS dependencies in the context of the indigenous population of Australia <xref
target="HOLZ"/></t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t>S. Hussain:
          <t>Hussain, S.: Universal Acceptance of Domain Names and Email Addresses: A Key to
Digital Inclusion <xref target="HUSSAIN"/></t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t>R. Habib, S.
          <t>Habib, R., Tanveer, A. S., Inam, H. A., Ahmed, A. H., Ali, Z.A. A., Uzmi, Z.A. Z.&nbsp;A., Qazi, I.A. Qazi: Z.&nbsp;A., and I.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Qazi: A Framework for Improving Web Affordability and Inclusiveness <xref target="HABIB"/></t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t>J. Ott, G.
          <t>Ott, J., Bartolomeo, M.M. G., Bese, R. M.M., Bose, M. R., Bosk, D. M., Guzman, L. D., Kärkkäinen, M. L., Kosek, N. Mohan: M., Mohan, N., Trossen, D., Welzl, M., and L.&nbsp;Vogel: The Internet: Only for the Fast (and Furious)?</t> Fast?&nbsp;<xref target="OTT"/></t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t>L.Y. Ohlsen:
          <t>Ohlsen, L.Y.: BIAS workshop - M-Lab Position Paper submission</t> submission <xref target="OHLSEN"/></t>
        </li>
      </ul>
      <t>Censorship:</t>
      <ul spacing="normal">
        <li>
          <t>S. Nurliza Samsudin:
          <t>Samsudin, S.: iMAP (Internet Monitoring Action Project) 2023 Internet
Censorship Report <xref target="SAMSUDIN"/></t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t>G. Grover:
          <t>Grover, G.: The infrastructure of censorship in Asia <xref target="Grover2023"/></t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t>S. Basso:
          <t>Basso, S.: How Internet censorship changed in Russia during the 1st year of military
conflict in Ukraine <xref target="BASSO"/></t>
        </li>
      </ul>
      <t>In addition to the submitted paper papers, two invited talks were presented included, based on published papers:</t>
      <ul spacing="normal">
        <li>
          <t>R. Sundara Raman, M.
          <li>Raman, R.&nbsp;S., Wang, J. M., Dalek, J. J., Mayer, R. Ensafi: J., and R.&nbsp;Ensafi: Network Measurement Methods for Locating and Examining Censorship Devices <xref target="WANG"/></t>
        </li>
        <li>
          <t>R. Ramesh, A. target="WANG"/></li>
          <li>Ramesh, R., Vyas, R. Ensafi:    “All A., and R.&nbsp;Ensafi: "All of them claim to be the best”: A multi-perspective best": Multi-perspective study of VPN users and VPN providers</t>
        </li> providers <xref target="RAMESH-2"/></li>
      </ul>
    </section>
    <section anchor="workshop-participants">
      <name>Workshop Participants</name>
      <t>The workshop participants were Arnaud Taddei, Carlos Pignataro, Carsten Bormann, Cindy Morgan, Colin Perkins, Cory Myers, Dan Sexton, David Guzman, David Millman, David Schinazi, Dhruv Dhody, Gurshabad Grover, Hanna Kreitem, Jane Coffin, Jiankang Yao, Jörg Ott, Juan Peirano, Lai <contact fullname="Arnaud Taddei"/>,
      <contact fullname="Carlos Pignataro"/>, <contact fullname="Carsten
      Bormann"/>, <contact fullname="Cindy Morgan"/>, <contact fullname="Colin
      Perkins"/>, <contact fullname="Cory Myers"/>, <contact fullname="Dan
      Sexton"/>, <contact fullname="David Guzman"/>, <contact fullname="David
      Millman"/>, <contact fullname="David Schinazi"/>, <contact
      fullname="Dhruv Dhody"/>, <contact fullname="Gurshabad Grover"/>,
      <contact fullname="Hanna Kreitem"/>, <contact fullname="Jane Coffin"/>,
      <contact fullname="Jiankang Yao"/>, <contact fullname="Jörg Ott"/>,
      <contact fullname="Juan Peirano"/>, <contact fullname="Lai Yi Ohlsen, Luis Martinez, Mallory Knodel, Marwan Fayed, Matthew Bocci, Michael Welzl, Michuki Mwangi, Mirja Kühlewind, Mona Wang, Peng Hu, Ralph Holz, Raquel Renno, Reethika Ramesh, Rumaisa Habib, Sarmad Hussain, Simone Basso, Siti Ohlsen"/>,
      <contact fullname="Luis Martinez"/>, <contact fullname="Mallory
      Knodel"/>, <contact fullname="Marwan Fayed"/>, <contact
      fullname="Matthew Bocci"/>, <contact fullname="Michael Welzl"/>,
      <contact fullname="Michuki Mwangi"/>, <contact fullname="Mirja
      Kühlewind"/>, <contact fullname="Mona Wang"/>, <contact fullname="Peng
      Hu"/>, <contact fullname="Ralph Holz"/>, <contact fullname="Raquel
      Rennó"/>, <contact fullname="Reethika Ramesh"/>, <contact
      fullname="Rumaisa Habib"/>, <contact fullname="Sarmad Hussain"/>,
      <contact fullname="Simone Basso"/>, <contact fullname="Siti Nurliza Samsudin, Suresh Krishnan, Theophilus Benson, Tirumaleswar Reddy, Tommy Pauly, Vesna Manojlovic, and Wes Hardaker.</t>
      Samsudin"/>, <contact fullname="Suresh Krishnan"/>, <contact
      fullname="Theophilus Benson"/>, <contact fullname="Tirumaleswar
      Reddy.K"/>, <contact fullname="Tommy Pauly"/>, <contact fullname="Vesna
      Manojlovic"/>, and <contact fullname="Wes Hardaker"/>.</t>
    </section>
    <section anchor="workshop-program-committee">
      <name>Workshop Program Committee</name>
      <t>The workshop program committee members were Christopher Wood <contact fullname="Christopher Wood"/> (IAB, Cloudflare), Dhruv Dhody <contact fullname="Dhruv Dhody"/> (IAB, Huawei), Mallory Knodel <contact fullname="Mallory Knodel"/> (IAB, Center for Democracy and Technology), Mirja Kühlewind NYU), <contact fullname="Mirja Kühlewind"/> (IAB, Ericsson), and Tommy Pauly <contact fullname="Tommy Pauly"/> (IAB, Apple).</t>
    </section>
    <section numbered="false" anchor="iab-members-at-the-time-of-approval">
      <name>IAB Members at the Time of Approval</name>
      <t>Internet Architecture Board members at the time this document was approved for publication were: TODO</t> were:</t>

      <ul empty="true" spacing="compact">
	<li><t><contact fullname="Matthew Bocci"/></t></li>
	<li><t><contact fullname="Alissa Cooper"/></t></li>
	<li><t><contact fullname="Roman Danyliw"/></t></li>
	<li><t><contact fullname="Dhruv Dhody"/></t></li>
	<li><t><contact fullname="Wes Hardaker"/></t></li>
	<li><t><contact fullname="Cullen Jennings"/></t></li>
	<li><t><contact fullname="Suresh Krishnan"/></t></li>
	<li><t><contact fullname="Mirja Kühlewind"/></t></li>
	<li><t><contact fullname="Tommy Pauly"/></t></li>
	<li><t><contact fullname="Alvaro Retana"/></t></li>
	<li><t><contact fullname="David Schinazi"/></t></li>
	<li><t><contact fullname="Christopher Wood"/></t></li>
	<li><t><contact fullname="Qin Wu"/></t></li>
      </ul>
    </section>
    <section numbered="false" anchor="acknowledgments">
      <name>Acknowledgments</name>
      <t>Thanks to Arnaud Taddei <contact fullname="Arnaud Taddei"/> for helpful suggestions to improve this report.</t>
    </section>
  </back>
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