Diff: rfc9845v2.txt - rfc9845.txt

	rfc9845v2.txt	rfc9845.txt

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	the greenhouse effect. They include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane	the greenhouse effect. They include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
	(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and Fluorinated gases (as covered under	(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and Fluorinated gases (as covered under
	the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement). In terms of emissions from	the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement). In terms of emissions from
	human activity, the dominant greenhouse gas is CO2; consequently, it	human activity, the dominant greenhouse gas is CO2; consequently, it
	often becomes shorthand for “all GHGs”. However, other gases are also	often becomes shorthand for “all GHGs”. However, other gases are also
	converted into “CO2-equivalents”, or CO2e. One greenhouse gas of	converted into “CO2-equivalents”, or CO2e. One greenhouse gas of
	particular concern, but by no means the only one, is carbon dioxide	particular concern, but by no means the only one, is carbon dioxide
	(CO2). Carbon dioxide is emitted in the process of burning fuels to	(CO2). Carbon dioxide is emitted in the process of burning fuels to
	generate energy that is used, for example, to power electrical	generate energy that is used, for example, to power electrical
	devices such as networking equipment. Notable here is the use of	devices such as networking equipment. Notable here is the use of

	fossil fuels (such as oil, which releases CO2 that has long been	fossil fuels (such as oil, which releases CO2 that had long been
	removed from the earth's atmosphere), as opposed to the use of	removed from the earth's atmosphere), as opposed to the use of
	renewable or sustainable fuels that do not "add" to the amount of CO2	renewable or sustainable fuels that do not "add" to the amount of CO2
	in the atmosphere. There are additional gases associated with	in the atmosphere. There are additional gases associated with
	electricity generation, in particular methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide	electricity generation, in particular methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide
	(N2O). Although they exist in smaller quantities, they have an even	(N2O). Although they exist in smaller quantities, they have an even
	higher Global Warming Potential (GWP).	higher Global Warming Potential (GWP).

	Greenhouse gas emissions are in turn correlated with the need to	Greenhouse gas emissions are in turn correlated with the need to
	power technology, including networks. Reducing those emissions can	power technology, including networks. Reducing those emissions can
	be achieved by reducing the amount of fossil fuels needed to generate	be achieved by reducing the amount of fossil fuels needed to generate

	skipping to change at line 206 ¶	skipping to change at line 206 ¶
	reduce their reliance on energy but by also reducing its own. Future	reduce their reliance on energy but by also reducing its own. Future
	networking advances will increasingly need to focus on becoming more	networking advances will increasingly need to focus on becoming more
	energy efficient and reducing the carbon footprint, for reasons of	energy efficient and reducing the carbon footprint, for reasons of
	both corporate responsibility and economics. This shift has already	both corporate responsibility and economics. This shift has already
	begun, and sustainability is becoming an important concern for	begun, and sustainability is becoming an important concern for
	network providers. In some cases, such as in the context of	network providers. In some cases, such as in the context of
	networked data centers, the ability to procure enough energy becomes	networked data centers, the ability to procure enough energy becomes
	a bottleneck, prohibiting further growth, and greater sustainability	a bottleneck, prohibiting further growth, and greater sustainability
	thus becomes a business necessity.	thus becomes a business necessity.


	For example, in its annual report, Telefónica reports that in 2021,	For example, in its annual report, Telefónica reports that in 2024,
	its network's energy consumption per petabyte (PB) of data amounted	its network's energy consumption per PB of data amounted to 38
	to 54 megawatt-hours (MWh) [Telefonica2021]. This rate has been	megawatt-hours (MWh) [Telefonica2024]. This rate has been
	dramatically decreasing (by a factor of seven over six years),	dramatically improving from values that were reported for earlier
	although gains in efficiency are being offset by simultaneous growth	years, for example 115 MWh/PB in 2019 or 400 MWh/PB in 2015
	in data volume. The same report states that an important corporate	[Telefonica2020]. While portions of the gains in efficiency are
	goal is continuing on that trajectory and aggressively reducing	being offset by simultaneous growth in data volume, Telefónica states
	overall carbon emissions further.	that an important corporate goal is continuing on that trajectory and
		aggressively reducing overall greenhouse gas emissions further.

	1.2. Approaching the Problem	1.2. Approaching the Problem

	One way in which gains in network sustainability can be achieved	One way in which gains in network sustainability can be achieved
	involves reducing the amount of energy needed to provide	involves reducing the amount of energy needed to provide
	communication services and improving the efficiency with with	communication services and improving the efficiency with with
	networks utilize power during their use phase. However, for a	networks utilize power during their use phase. However, for a
	holistic approach, other aspects need to be considered as well.	holistic approach, other aspects need to be considered as well.

	The environmental footprint is not determined by energy consumption	The environmental footprint is not determined by energy consumption

	skipping to change at line 437 ¶	skipping to change at line 438 ¶

	QoE: Quality of Experience	QoE: Quality of Experience

	QoS: Quality of Service	QoS: Quality of Service

	QUIC: the name of a UDP-based, stream-multiplexing, encrypted	QUIC: the name of a UDP-based, stream-multiplexing, encrypted
	transport protocol [RFC9000].	transport protocol [RFC9000].

	SDN: Software-Defined Networking	SDN: Software-Defined Networking


	SNIC: Smart NIC

	TCP: Transport Control Protocol	TCP: Transport Control Protocol

	TE: Traffic Engineering	TE: Traffic Engineering

	TPU: Tensor Processing Unit	TPU: Tensor Processing Unit

	WAN: Wide Area Network	WAN: Wide Area Network

	3. Network Energy Consumption Characteristics and Implications	3. Network Energy Consumption Characteristics and Implications


	skipping to change at line 1227 ¶	skipping to change at line 1226 ¶
	optimized data center at very large scale (but requiring transmission	optimized data center at very large scale (but requiring transmission
	of significant volumes of data across many nodes and long distances)	of significant volumes of data across many nodes and long distances)
	versus (b) at the edge where the energy may not be used as	versus (b) at the edge where the energy may not be used as
	efficiently (less multiplexing of resources and inherently lower	efficiently (less multiplexing of resources and inherently lower
	efficiency of smaller sites due to their smaller scale) but the	efficiency of smaller sites due to their smaller scale) but the
	amount of long-distance network traffic and energy required for the	amount of long-distance network traffic and energy required for the
	network is significantly reduced. Softwarization, containers, and	network is significantly reduced. Softwarization, containers, and
	microservices are direct enablers of such architectures. Their	microservices are direct enablers of such architectures. Their
	realization will be further aided by the deployment of programmable	realization will be further aided by the deployment of programmable
	network infrastructure, such as Infrastructure Processing Units	network infrastructure, such as Infrastructure Processing Units

	(IPUs) or SmartNICs that offload some computations from the CPU onto	(IPUs) or Smart NICs that offload some computations from the CPU onto
	the NIC. However, the power consumption characteristics of CPUs are	the NIC. However, the power consumption characteristics of CPUs are
	different from those of NPUs; this is another aspect to be considered	different from those of NPUs; this is another aspect to be considered
	in conjunction with virtualization.	in conjunction with virtualization.

	Other possibilities are taking economic aspects into consideration,	Other possibilities are taking economic aspects into consideration,
	such as providing incentives to users of networking services in order	such as providing incentives to users of networking services in order
	to minimize energy consumption and emission impact. In	to minimize energy consumption and emission impact. In
	[Wolf2014choicenet], an example is provided that could be expanded to	[Wolf2014choicenet], an example is provided that could be expanded to
	include energy incentives.	include energy incentives.


	skipping to change at line 1567 ¶	skipping to change at line 1566 ¶
	DOI 10.3390/cryptography4020015, 2020,	DOI 10.3390/cryptography4020015, 2020,
	<https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography4020015>.	<https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography4020015>.

	[TCC] Rahimi, P., Singh, A. K., and X. Wang, "Selective Noise	[TCC] Rahimi, P., Singh, A. K., and X. Wang, "Selective Noise
	Based Power-Efficient and Effective Countermeasure Against	Based Power-Efficient and Effective Countermeasure Against
	Thermal Covert Channel Attacks in Multi-Core Systems",	Thermal Covert Channel Attacks in Multi-Core Systems",
	Journal on Low Power Electronics and Applications, vol.	Journal on Low Power Electronics and Applications, vol.
	12, no. 2, DOI 10.3390/jlpea12020025, 2022,	12, no. 2, DOI 10.3390/jlpea12020025, 2022,
	<https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea12020025>.	<https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea12020025>.


	[Telefonica2021]	[Telefonica2020]
	Telefonica, "Telefonica Consolidated Annual Report 2021",	Telefonica, "Telefonica Consolidated Management Report
	2021.	2020", 2021, <https://www.telefonica.com/en/shareholders-
		investors/financial-reports/historical-archive-annual-
		reports/2020/>.

		[Telefonica2024]
		Telefonica, "Telefonica Consolidated Annual Report 2024",
		2025, <https://www.telefonica.com/en/wp-
		content/uploads/sites/5/2025/02/Consolidated-Annual-
		Accounts-2024.pdf>.

	[TradeOff] Welzl, M., "Not a Trade-Off: On the Wi-Fi Energy	[TradeOff] Welzl, M., "Not a Trade-Off: On the Wi-Fi Energy
	Efficiency of Effective Internet Congestion Control", 2022	Efficiency of Effective Internet Congestion Control", 2022
	17th Wireless On-Demand Network Systems and Services	17th Wireless On-Demand Network Systems and Services
	Conference (WONS), pp. 1-4,	Conference (WONS), pp. 1-4,
	DOI 10.23919/WONS54113.2022.9764413, 2022,	DOI 10.23919/WONS54113.2022.9764413, 2022,
	<https://doi.org/10.23919/WONS54113.2022.9764413>.	<https://doi.org/10.23919/WONS54113.2022.9764413>.

	[TVR_REQS] King, D., Contreras, L. M., Sipos, B., and L. Zhang, "TVR	[TVR_REQS] King, D., Contreras, L. M., Sipos, B., and L. Zhang, "TVR
	(Time-Variant Routing) Requirements", Work in Progress,	(Time-Variant Routing) Requirements", Work in Progress,

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