This is a purely informative rendering of an RFC that includes verified errata. This rendering may not be used as a reference.

The following 'Verified' errata have been incorporated in this document: EID 472, EID 473, EID 474, EID 475
Network Working Group                                     D. Crocker, Ed.
Request for Comments: 2234                       Internet Mail Consortium
Category: Standards Track                                      P. Overell
                                                      Demon Internet Ltd.
                                                            November 1997


             Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF


Status of this Memo

   This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
   Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
   improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
   Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
   and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1997).  All Rights Reserved.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

   1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................  2

   2. RULE DEFINITION ...............................................  2
   2.1 RULE NAMING ..................................................  2
   2.2 RULE FORM ....................................................  3
   2.3 TERMINAL VALUES ..............................................  3
   2.4 EXTERNAL ENCODINGS ...........................................  5

   3. OPERATORS .....................................................  5
   3.1 CONCATENATION    RULE1     RULE2 .............................  5
   3.2 ALTERNATIVES RULE1 / RULE2 ...................................  6
   3.3 INCREMENTAL ALTERNATIVES   RULE1 =/ RULE2 ....................  6
   3.4 VALUE RANGE ALTERNATIVES   %C##-## ...........................  7
   3.5 SEQUENCE GROUP (RULE1 RULE2) .................................  7
   3.6 VARIABLE REPETITION *RULE ....................................  8
   3.7 SPECIFIC REPETITION NRULE ....................................  8
   3.8 OPTIONAL SEQUENCE [RULE] .....................................  8
   3.9 ; COMMENT ....................................................  8
   3.10 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE .........................................  9

   4. ABNF DEFINITION OF ABNF .......................................  9

   5. SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS ....................................... 10

   6. APPENDIX A - CORE ............................................. 11
   6.1 CORE RULES ................................................... 11
   6.2 COMMON ENCODING .............................................. 12

   7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 12

   8. REFERENCES .................................................... 13

   9. CONTACT ....................................................... 13

   10. FULL COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ..................................... 14

1.   INTRODUCTION

   Internet technical specifications often need to define a format
   syntax and are free to employ whatever notation their authors deem
   useful.  Over the years, a modified version of Backus-Naur Form
   (BNF), called Augmented BNF (ABNF), has been popular among many
   Internet specifications.  It balances compactness and simplicity,
   with reasonable representational power.  In the early days of the
   Arpanet, each specification contained its own definition of ABNF.
   This included the email specifications, RFC733 and then RFC822 which
   have come to be the common citations for defining ABNF.  The current
   document separates out that definition, to permit selective
   reference.  Predictably, it also provides some modifications and
   enhancements.

   The differences between standard BNF and ABNF involve naming rules,
   repetition, alternatives, order-independence, and value ranges.
   Appendix A (Core) supplies rule definitions and encoding for a core
   lexical analyzer of the type common to several Internet
   specifications.  It is provided as a convenience and is otherwise
   separate from the meta language defined in the body of this document,
   and separate from its formal status.

2.   RULE DEFINITION

2.1  Rule Naming

   The name of a rule is simply the name itself; that is, a sequence of
   characters, beginning with  an alphabetic character, and followed by
   a combination of alphabetics, digits and hyphens (dashes).

        NOTE:     Rule names are case-insensitive

   The names <rulename>, <Rulename>, <RULENAME> and <rUlENamE> all refer
   to the same rule.

   Unlike original BNF, angle brackets ("<", ">") are not  required.
   However, angle brackets may be used around a rule name whenever their
   presence will facilitate discerning the use of  a rule name.  This is
   typically restricted to rule name references in free-form prose, or
   to distinguish partial rules that combine into a string not separated
   by white space, such as shown in the discussion about repetition,
   below.

2.2  Rule Form

   A rule is defined by the following sequence:

        name =  elements crlf

   where <name> is the name of the rule, <elements> is one or more rule
   names or terminal specifications and <crlf> is the end-of- line
   indicator, carriage return followed by line feed.  The equal sign
   separates the name from the definition of the rule.  The elements
   form a sequence of one or more rule names and/or value definitions,
   combined according to the various operators, defined in this
   document, such as alternative and repetition.

   For visual ease, rule definitions are left aligned.  When a rule
   requires multiple lines, the continuation lines are indented.  The
   left alignment and indentation are relative to the first lines of the
   ABNF rules and need not match the left margin of the document.

2.3  Terminal Values

   Rules resolve into a string of terminal values, sometimes called
   characters.  In ABNF a character is merely a non-negative integer.
   In certain contexts a specific mapping (encoding) of values into a
   character set (such as ASCII) will be specified.

   Terminals are specified by one or more numeric characters with the
   base interpretation of those characters indicated explicitly.  The
   following bases are currently defined:

        b           =  binary

        d           =  decimal

        x           =  hexadecimal

   Hence:

        CR          =  %d13

        CR          =  %x0D

   respectively specify the decimal and hexadecimal representation of
   [US-ASCII] for carriage return.

   A concatenated string of such values is specified compactly, using a
   period (".") to indicate separation of characters within that value.
   Hence:

        CRLF        =  %d13.10

   ABNF permits specifying literal text string directly, enclosed in
   quotation-marks.  Hence:

        command     =  "command string"

   Literal text strings are interpreted as a concatenated set of
   printable characters.

        NOTE:     ABNF strings are case-insensitive and
                  the character set for these strings is us-ascii.

   Hence:

        rulename = "abc"

   and:

        rulename = "aBc"

   will match "abc", "Abc", "aBc", "abC", "ABc", "aBC", "AbC" and "ABC".

                To specify a rule which IS case SENSITIVE,
                   specify the characters individually.

   For example:

        rulename    =  %d97 %d98 %d99

   or

        rulename    =  %d97.98.99

   will match only the string which comprises only lowercased
   characters, abc.

2.4  External Encodings

   External representations of terminal value characters will vary
   according to constraints in the storage or transmission environment.
   Hence, the same ABNF-based grammar may have multiple external
   encodings, such as one for a 7-bit US-ASCII environment, another for
   a binary octet environment and still a different one when 16-bit
   Unicode is used.  Encoding details are beyond the scope of ABNF,
   although Appendix A (Core) provides definitions for a 7-bit US-ASCII
   environment as has been common to much of the Internet.

   By separating external encoding from the syntax, it is intended that
   alternate encoding environments can be used for the same syntax.

3.   OPERATORS

3.1  Concatenation                                  Rule1 Rule2

   A rule can define a simple, ordered string of values -- i.e., a
   concatenation of contiguous characters -- by listing a sequence of
   rule names.  For example:

        foo         =  %x61           ; a

        bar         =  %x62           ; b

        mumble      =  foo bar foo

        So that the rule <mumble> matches the lowercase string "aba".

        LINEAR WHITE SPACE:  Concatenation is at the core of the ABNF
        parsing model.  A string of contiguous characters (values) is
        parsed according to the rules defined in ABNF.  For Internet
        specifications, there is some history of permitting linear white
        space (space and horizontal tab) to be freelyPand
        implicitlyPinterspersed around major constructs, such as
        delimiting special characters or atomic strings.

        NOTE:     This specification for ABNF does not
                  provide for implicit specification of linear white
                  space.

   Any grammar which wishes to permit linear white space around
   delimiters or string segments must specify it explicitly.  It is
   often useful to provide for such white space in "core" rules that are

   then used variously among higher-level rules.  The "core" rules might
   be formed into a lexical analyzer or simply be part of the main
   ruleset.

3.2  Alternatives                               Rule1 / Rule2

   Elements separated by forward slash ("/") are alternatives.
   Therefore,

        foo / bar

   will accept <foo> or <bar>.

        NOTE:     A quoted string containing alphabetic
                  characters is special form for specifying alternative
                  characters and is interpreted as a non-terminal
                  representing the set of combinatorial strings with the
                  contained characters, in the specified order but with
                  any mixture of upper and lower case..

3.3  Incremental Alternatives                    Rule1 =/ Rule2

   It is sometimes convenient to specify a list of alternatives in
   fragments.  That is, an initial rule may match one or more
   alternatives, with later rule definitions adding to the set of
   alternatives.  This is particularly useful for otherwise- independent
   specifications which derive from the same parent rule set, such as
   often occurs with parameter lists.  ABNF permits this incremental
   definition through the construct:

        oldrule     =/ additional-alternatives

   So that the rule set

        ruleset     =  alt1 / alt2

        ruleset     =/ alt3

        ruleset     =/ alt4 / alt5

   is the same as specifying

        ruleset     =  alt1 / alt2 / alt3 / alt4 / alt5

3.4  Value Range Alternatives                           %c##-##

   A range of alternative numeric values can be specified compactly,
   using dash ("-") to indicate the range of alternative values.  Hence:

        DIGIT       =  %x30-39

   is equivalent to:

        DIGIT       =  "0" / "1" / "2" / "3" / "4" / "5" / "6" /

                           "7" / "8" / "9"

   Concatenated numeric values and numeric value ranges can not be
   specified in the same string.  A numeric value may use the dotted
   notation for concatenation or it may use the dash notation to specify
   one value range.  Hence, to specify one printable character, between
   end of line sequences, the specification could be:

        char-line = %x0D.0A %x20-7E %x0D.0A

3.5  Sequence Group                             (Rule1 Rule2)

   Elements enclosed in parentheses are treated as a single element,
   whose contents are STRICTLY ORDERED.   Thus,

        elem (foo / bar) blat

   which matches (elem foo blat) or (elem bar blat).

        elem foo / bar blat

   matches (elem foo) or (bar blat).

        NOTE:     It is strongly advised to use grouping
                  notation, rather than to rely on proper reading of
                  "bare" alternations, when alternatives consist of
                  multiple rule names or literals.

   Hence it is recommended that instead of the above form, the form:

        (elem foo) / (bar blat)

   be used.  It will avoid misinterpretation by casual readers.

   The sequence group notation is also used within free text to set off
   an element sequence from the prose.

3.6  Variable Repetition                                *Rule

   The operator "*" preceding an element indicates repetition. The full
   form is:

        <a>*<b>element

   where <a> and <b> are optional decimal values, indicating at least
   <a> and at most <b> occurrences of element.

   Default values are 0 and infinity so that *<element> allows any
   number, including zero; 1*<element> requires at  least  one;
   3*3<element> allows exactly 3 and 1*2<element> allows one or two.

3.7  Specific Repetition                                  nRule

EID 475 (Verified) is as follows:

Section: 3.7

Original Text:

   That is, exactly <N> occurences of <element>.

Corrected Text:

   That is, exactly <n> occurences of <element>.
Notes:
A rule of the form: <n>element is equivalent to <n>*<n>element That is, exactly <N> occurrences of <element>. Thus 2DIGIT is a 2-digit number, and 3ALPHA is a string of three alphabetic characters. 3.8 Optional Sequence [RULE] Square brackets enclose an optional element sequence: [foo bar] is equivalent to *1(foo bar). 3.9 ; Comment
EID 472 (Verified) is as follows:

Section: 3.9

Original Text:

3.9  ; Comment

   A semi-colon starts a comment that continues to the end of line.
   This is a simple way of including useful notes in parallel with the
   specifications.

        comment        =  ";" *(WSP / VCHAR) CRLF

Corrected Text:

   char-val       =  DQUOTE *(%x20-21 / %x23-7E) DQUOTE
                          ; quoted string of SP and VCHAR
                             without DQUOTE

   prose-val      =  "<" *(%x20-3D / %x3F-7E) ">"
                          ; bracketed string of SP and VCHAR
                             without angles
                          ; prose description, to be used as
                             last resort

   CHAR           =  %x01-7F
                          ; any 7-bit US-ASCII character,
                             excluding NUL
Notes:
Should be:
char-val = DQUOTE *(%x20-21 / %x23-7E) DQUOTE
; quoted string of SP and VCHAR
; without DQUOTE

prose-val = "<" *(%x20-3D / %x3F-7E / c-wsp) ">"
; bracketed, possibly multiline string
; of SP and VCHAR without angles
; prose description, to be used as
; last resort

CHAR = %x01-7F
; any 7-bit US-ASCII character,
; excluding NUL
A semi-colon starts a comment that continues to the end of line. This is a simple way of including useful notes in parallel with the specifications. 3.10 Operator Precedence The various mechanisms described above have the following precedence, from highest (binding tightest) at the top, to lowest and loosest at the bottom: Strings, Names formation Comment Value range Repetition Grouping, Optional Concatenation Alternative Use of the alternative operator, freely mixed with concatenations can be confusing. Again, it is recommended that the grouping operator be used to make explicit concatenation groups. 4. ABNF DEFINITION OF ABNF
EID 474 (Verified) is as follows:

Section: 4

Original Text:

    prose-val      =  "<" *(%x20-3D / %x3F-7E / c-wsp) ">"
                           ; bracketed, possibly multiline string
                           ; of SP and VCHAR without angles
                           ; prose description, to be used as
                           ; last resort

Corrected Text:

    prose-val      =  "<" *(%x20-3D / %x3F-7E) ">"
                           ; bracketed string of SP and VCHAR
                           ; without angles
                           ; prose description, to be used as
                           ; last resort
Notes:
Alexey: As per RFC 5234.
This syntax uses the rules provided in Appendix A (Core). rulelist = 1*( rule / (*c-wsp c-nl) ) rule = rulename defined-as elements c-nl ; continues if next line starts ; with white space rulename = ALPHA *(ALPHA / DIGIT / "-") defined-as = *c-wsp ("=" / "=/") *c-wsp ; basic rules definition and ; incremental alternatives elements = alternation *c-wsp c-wsp = WSP / (c-nl WSP) c-nl = comment / CRLF ; comment or newline comment = ";" *(WSP / VCHAR) CRLF alternation = concatenation *(*c-wsp "/" *c-wsp concatenation) concatenation = repetition *(1*c-wsp repetition) repetition = [repeat] element repeat = 1*DIGIT / (*DIGIT "*" *DIGIT) element = rulename / group / option / char-val / num-val / prose-val group = "(" *c-wsp alternation *c-wsp ")" option = "[" *c-wsp alternation *c-wsp "]" char-val = DQUOTE *(%x20-21 / %x23-7E) DQUOTE ; quoted string of SP and VCHAR without DQUOTE num-val = "%" (bin-val / dec-val / hex-val) bin-val = "b" 1*BIT [ 1*("." 1*BIT) / ("-" 1*BIT) ] ; series of concatenated bit values ; or single ONEOF range dec-val = "d" 1*DIGIT [ 1*("." 1*DIGIT) / ("-" 1*DIGIT) ] hex-val = "x" 1*HEXDIG [ 1*("." 1*HEXDIG) / ("-" 1*HEXDIG) ] prose-val = "<" *(%x20-3D / %x3F-7E) ">" ; bracketed string of SP and VCHAR without angles ; prose description, to be used as last resort 5. SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS Security is truly believed to be irrelevant to this document. 6. APPENDIX A - CORE This Appendix is provided as a convenient core for specific grammars. The definitions may be used as a core set of rules. 6.1 Core Rules Certain basic rules are in uppercase, such as SP, HTAB, CRLF, DIGIT, ALPHA, etc. ALPHA = %x41-5A / %x61-7A ; A-Z / a-z BIT = "0" / "1" CHAR = %x01-7F ; any 7-bit US-ASCII character, excluding NUL CR = %x0D ; carriage return CRLF = CR LF ; Internet standard newline CTL = %x00-1F / %x7F ; controls DIGIT = %x30-39 ; 0-9 DQUOTE = %x22 ; " (Double Quote) HEXDIG = DIGIT / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F" HTAB = %x09 ; horizontal tab LF = %x0A ; linefeed LWSP = *(WSP / CRLF WSP) ; linear white space (past newline) OCTET = %x00-FF ; 8 bits of data SP = %x20 ; space VCHAR = %x21-7E ; visible (printing) characters WSP = SP / HTAB ; white space 6.2 Common Encoding Externally, data are represented as "network virtual ASCII", namely 7-bit US-ASCII in an 8-bit field, with the high (8th) bit set to zero. A string of values is in "network byte order" with the higher-valued bytes represented on the left-hand side and being sent over the network first. 7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The syntax for ABNF was originally specified in RFC 733. Ken L. Harrenstien, of SRI International, was responsible for re-coding the BNF into an augmented BNF that makes the representation smaller and easier to understand. This recent project began as a simple effort to cull out the portion of RFC 822 which has been repeatedly cited by non-email specification writers, namely the description of augmented BNF. Rather than simply and blindly converting the existing text into a separate document, the working group chose to give careful consideration to the deficiencies, as well as benefits, of the existing specification and related specifications available over the last 15 years and therefore to pursue enhancement. This turned the project into something rather more ambitious than first intended. Interestingly the result is not massively different from that original, although decisions such as removing the list notation came as a surprise. The current round of specification was part of the DRUMS working group, with significant contributions from Jerome Abela , Harald Alvestrand, Robert Elz, Roger Fajman, Aviva Garrett, Tom Harsch, Dan Kohn, Bill McQuillan, Keith Moore, Chris Newman , Pete Resnick and Henning Schulzrinne. 8. REFERENCES [US-ASCII] Coded Character Set--7-Bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ANSI X3.4-1986. [RFC733] Crocker, D., Vittal, J., Pogran, K., and D. Henderson, "Standard for the Format of ARPA Network Text Message," RFC 733, November 1977. [RFC822] Crocker, D., "Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages", STD 11, RFC 822, August 1982. 9. CONTACT David H. Crocker Paul Overell Internet Mail Consortium Demon Internet Ltd 675 Spruce Dr. Dorking Business Park Sunnyvale, CA 94086 USA Dorking Surrey, RH4 1HN UK Phone: +1 408 246 8253 Fax: +1 408 249 6205 EMail: dcrocker@imc.org paulo@turnpike.com 10. Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1997). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
EID 473 (Verified) is as follows:

Section: None

Original Text:

None

Corrected Text:

None
Notes:
Note: The following list of known errors in RFC 2234 is for
historical reference only. All known errors in RFC 2234 are
believed to have been resolved in RFC 4234, which obsoletes RFC
2234.